|
2000-2001 Catalog |
Anthropology is the study of the biological and cultural background of humankind. It is concerned with people, cultures and societies on a worldwide scale throughout time. It studies institutional arrangements under which people live, their psychological adjustments to different cultures, and their languages. Emphasis is on non-literate societies, but the field also includes human evolution and human variation, archaeology and the application of anthropological principles to an understanding of complex civilizations. Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees are offered in anthropology.
Refer to graduation requirements listed previously in the catalog. See Index.
All students must take 33 anthropology credits as follows:
a. ANTH 220S Comparative Social Organization, 3 cr.
b. ANTH 250S Introduction to Archaeology, 3 cr.
c. ANTH 260N Introduction to Physical Anthropology, 3 cr.
d. ANTH 270 Introduction to Linguistics or ANTH 470 Introduction to Linguistic Analysis, 3 cr.
e. One upper-division course in two of the four represented subdisciplines in anthropology from the following list (6 cr.):
-Linguistics any upper-division course
-Social Anthropology ANTH 329S, 343, 430, 481
-Archaeology ANTH 353, 450
-Physical Anthropology ANTH 360, 365, 366
f. Anthropology electives, 15 cr.
g. In addition, one course in statistics is required.
For a degree in anthropology with an option in archaeology, the student must meet all the general requirements and in addition:
a. complete ANTH 353, 355, and 450;
b. complete 6 credits in one of the following allied disciplines: biology, geography, or geology;
c. Complete 6 credits in one of the following allied disciplines: computer science, environmental studies, forestry, history, or mathematical sciences.
For a degree in anthropology with an option in linguistics, the student must meet all the general requirements and complete an additional 12 credits including the following:
a. LING 471 and 472;
b. ANTH 473S, 474 or LING 475;
c. ANTH 484.
Anthropology is a liberally based discipline and majors are urged to acquire a broad background especially in the natural and social sciences and the humanities. Recommended areas of study are biology, economics, English, geography, geology, history, communication studies, linguistics, Native American studies, philosophy, political science, psychology, religious studies, and sociology.
| Suggested course of study for students selecting the general curriculum in Anthropology without an option: | ||
|---|---|---|
| First Year | A | S |
| ANTH 250S Introduction to Archaeology | - | 3 |
| ANTH elective | 3 | - |
| ENEX 101 Composition | 3 | - |
| MATH 117 Probability and Linear Mathematics | 3 | - |
| General Education | 6 | 9 |
| Elective | - | 3 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Second Year | A | S |
| ANTH 220S Comparative Social Organization | 3 | - |
| ANTH 260N Introduction to Physical Anthropology | 3 | - |
| ANTH 270 Introduction to Linguistics | - | 3 |
| ANTH electives | 3 | 3 |
| General Education | 6 | 9 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Third Year | A | S |
| ANTH elective | 3 | - |
| Upper-division ANTH courses | 6 | - |
| Statistics course | - | 3 |
| Upper-division electives | - | 12 |
| Electives | 6 | - |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Fourth Year | A | S |
| ANTH elective | 3 | - |
| Upper-division electives | 12 | - |
| Electives | - | 15 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Suggested course of study for students completing the archaeology option: | ||
| First Year | A | S |
| ANTH 250S Introduction to Archaeology | - | 3 |
| ENEX 101 Composition | 3 | - |
| MATH 117 Probability and Linear Mathematics | 3 | - |
| ANTH elective | 3 | - |
| General Education | 6 | 9 |
| Elective | - | 3 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Second Year | A | S |
| ANTH 220S Comparative Social Organization | 3 | - |
| ANTH 260N Introduction to Physical Anthropology | 3 | - |
| ANTH 270 Introduction to Linguistics | - | 3 |
| ANTH electives | 3 | 6 |
| General Education | 6 | 6 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Third Year | A | S |
| ANTH 355 Artifact Analysis | - | 3 |
| ANTH 450 Archaeological Theory | 3 | - |
| Upper-Division ANTH courses | 3 | 3 |
| ANTH elective | 3 | - |
| Statistics course | - | 3 |
| Allied discipline courses (biology computer science, environmental studies, forestry, geography, geology, history, mathematics) | 6 | 6 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Fourth Year | A | S |
| ANTH elective | 3 | - |
| Electives | 12 | 15 |
| Total | 15 | 15 | Suggested course of study for students completing the linguistics option: |
| First Year | A | S |
| ANTH 250S Introduction to Archaeology | - | 3 |
| ENEX 101 Composition | 3 | - |
| MATH 117 Probability and Linear Mathematics | 3 | - |
| ANTH elective | 3 | - |
| General Education | 6 | 9 |
| Elective | - | 3 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Second Year | A | S |
| ANTH 220S Comparative Social Organization | 3 | - |
| ANTH 260N Introduction to Physical Anthropology | 3 | - |
| ANTH 270 Introduction to Linguistics | - | 3 |
| ANTH electives | 3 | 3 |
| General Education | 6 | 9 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Third Year | A | S |
| LING 470 Introduction to Linguistic Analysis | 3 | - |
| Statistics course | - | 3 |
| Upper-division ANTH courses | 6 | - |
| ANTH electives | 3 | 12 |
| Elective | 3 | - |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
| Fourth Year | A | S |
| LING 471 Phonology and Morphology | 3 | - |
| LING 472 Generative Syntax and Semantics | - | 3 |
| Two of: ANTH 484; LING 473S, 474 or 475 | 3 | 3 |
| Electives | 6 | 9 |
| Total | 15 | 15 |
To earn a minor in anthropology the student must complete ANTH 220S, 250S, 260N and 270; one upper division, regional oriented course in social anthropology, archaeology, or linguistics; and one upper-division, theoretical or topical course in social anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, or physical anthropology for a total of 12 lower-division and 6 upper-division credits.
U = for undergraduate credit only, UG = for undergraduate or graduate credit, G = for graduate credit. R after the credit indicates the course may be repeated for credit to the maximum indicated after the R.
U 101H Introduction to Anthropology 3 cr. Offered autumn and spring. Offered intermittently in summer. A survey of anthropology which introduces the fundamental concepts, methods and perspectives of the field. The description and analysis of human culture, its growth and change. The nature and functions of social institutions.
UG 270 Introduction to Linguistics 3 cr. Offered every autumn and spring. Offered intermittently in summer. Same as ENLI and LING 270. Introduction to the field of modern linguistics and to the nature of language. Emphasis on the ways different cultures develop symbol systems for representing meaning.
UG 470 Introduction to Linguistic Analysis 3 cr. Same as ENLI 470, FLLL 470 and LING 470. An introduction to the field of modern linguistics and to the nature of language. Emphasis is on linguistic analysis.
UG 473S Language and Culture 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., ANTH 270 or 470. Same as LING 473S. Technical study of relationships between grammatical categories and world view.
UG 484 North American Indian Linguistics 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq. ANTH 270 or 470. Same as LING 484. Analysis and characteristics of American Indian languages in historical perspective.
U 100H Introduction to Latin American Studies 3 cr. Offered autumn. Same as FLLG 100H. Multi-disciplinary survey and introduction to Latin America from pre-Columbian times to the present.
U 220S Comparative Social Organization 3 cr. Offered autumn. Study of social organization of non-western societies; emphasis on variations in ecology, social structure, economic, political and religious beliefs and practices.
UG 323H Indians of Montana 3 cr. Offered spring even-numbered years. The history and culture of the Indian tribes in Montana.
UG 324H Indians of Montana Since the Reservation Era 3 cr. Offered autumn odd-numbered years. Same as NAS 324H. Examination of the history of Montana Indians since the establishment of the reservations and contemporary conditions and issues among both reservation and non-reservation Indian communities in the state. Special attention given to social and economic conditions, treaty rights, tribal sovereignty, and legal issues.
UG 326 Religious Belief Systems 3 cr. Offered autumn even-numbered years. Theories and practices concerning supernatural phenomena found among non-literate peoples throughout the world.
UG 327 Anthropology of Gender 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. Same as WS 327. Comparative study of the history and significance of gender in social life.
UG 328S Psychological Anthropology 3 cr. Offered autumn odd-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 220S or consent of instr. The study of socialization, personality, cognition, and mental health cross-culturally.
UG 329S Social Change in Non-Western Societies 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 220S or consent of instr. Study of the processes of change, modernization and development.
UG 330H Peoples and Cultures of the World 3 cr. (R-9) Offered autumn and spring even-numbered years. Study of the peoples of various geographic regions and their cultures.
UG 340H Cultures of Asia 3 cr. Offered autumn odd-numbered years. The societies and cultures of Asia, especially mainland southeast Asia. Readings include ethnographies, women's narratives and life histories in translation.
UG 341S Contemporary Issues of American Indians 3 cr. Offered intermittently in spring. Same as NAS 341S. An examination of the major issues that affect the contemporary experiences of American Indians.
UG 342 Economic Anthropology 3 cr. Offered spring even-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 101H or 220S or consent of instr. A comparative study of production, social reproduction, exchange and value cross-culturally and in historical perspective.
UG 343S Culture and Population 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. The relationship between population processes and culture to the human condition; survey data, methodologies, theories of demographic and culture change.
UG 344 Culture, Health and Healing 3 cr. Offered autumn odd-numbered years. Cross-cultural comparisons of theories and concepts and health and illness. Examination of the impact of these concepts upon health practices and treatment of disease around the world.
UG 430 Social Anthropology 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., ANTH 101H and 220S. The principles and theories of social organizations and institutions.
U 250S Introduction to Archaeology 3 cr. Offered spring. What archaeologists do and how they reconstruct past human cultures. Methodological and theoretical approaches to understanding and explaining past human societies.
U 251S Foundations of Civilization 3 cr. Offered spring. Focus on the worldwide evolution of human society from stone age hunter-gatherers to the beginnings of modern civilization. Approached through the colorful and exciting world of archaeologists and the sites they excavate.
UG 351H Archaeology of North America 3 cr. Offered autumn even-numbered years. The origins, backgrounds and development of Pre-Columbian American peoples and cultures.
UG 352 Archaeology of Montana 3 cr. Offered spring even-numbered years. The origins, distributions and development of aboriginal cultures in Montana and surrounding regions.
UG 353 Archaeological Survey Variable cr. (R-12) Prereq., ANTH 101H, 250S and consent of instr. Offered any semester in which field parties are organized. A field course in Montana archaeology.
UG 354H Mesoamerican Prehistory 3 cr. Offered spring even-numbered years. The development of civilization and prehistoric states in the New World. Prehistoric lifeways and the effects of European contact on these cultures.
UG 355 Artifact Analysis 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. Prereq., Anth 250S and consent of instr. Laboratory approaches and techniques for anayzing material culture from technological, stylistic, and chronological perspectives.
UG 357H Archaeology of the Southwestern United States 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. The development of the prehistoric communities in the southwestern United States from ancient times to the dawn of history in the area.
UG 359 Seminars in Archaeology 3 cr. (R-6) Offered spring. In-depth research and discussion of selected areas in archaeology.
UG 450 Archaeological Theory 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., ANTH 250S. Historical trends and current major theories and methods in archaeology.
UG 451 Cultural Resource Management 3 cr. Offered spring. Introduction to the laws and practice of cultural resource/heritage property management. Focus on the methods and techniques for protecting and using cultural remains to their fullest scientific and historic extent. Also emphasis on responsibility to work with long range management of properties for the greatest scientific, historic, and public benefit.
UG 452 Architecture of the Frontier West 3 cr. Offered spring. Introduction to the methods and techniques of recording and analyzing standing cultural resources. Includes a field project and draws from buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
UG 453 Cultural Resource Research Methods 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., ANTH 450, 451, or 452. Location and use of sources of information for developing and building contexts for the consideration of cultural resource significance.
UG 456 Historic Sites Archaeology 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., ANTH 101H and consent of instr. The location and evaluation of historic sites in the Northwest.
U 260N Introduction to Physical Anthropology 3 cr. Offered autumn. An introduction to human evolutionary biology including processes of evolution, primate studies, hominid paleontology, and human variation.
U 265N Human Sexuality 3 cr. Offered spring. Same as BIOL 265N. Biological, behavioral, and cross-cultural aspects of human sexuality to help students place their own sexuality and that of others in a broader perspective. Includes sexual anatomy, physiology, development, reproduction, diseases, sex determination, as well as gender development and current issues.
U 267N Human Genetics 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Genetics-related problems that confront individuals and society. Variation and natural selection in human populations. Designed for non-biology majors.
UG 360N Human Variation 3 cr. Offered spring even-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 260N or consent of instr. Introduction to human biological variation, and to the methods and theories that are used to explain the distribution of variable features.
UG 365 Human Evolution 3 cr. Offered autumn even-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 260N. An exploration of the fossil and archaeological records of the evolution of human beings, and of current methods and theories used in interpreting these data.
UG 366 Primatology 3 cr. Offered autumn odd-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 260N. Review of the evolution, anatomy, and behavior of monkeys, apes, and other members of the order Primates.
UG 463 Osteology 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., ANTH 360N and consent of instr. A study of the human and primate skeleton, the nature of bone and fossils, and an introduction to skeletal analysis.
UG 464 Forensic Anthropology 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq. or coreq., ANTH 463, and consent of instr. A study of techniques for recovering skeletal material, interpreting the human skeleton, and writing professional physical anthropological reports.
UG 465 Facial Reconstruction 1 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., ANTH 464 or 482 or consent of instr. Laboratory course in the reconstruction of facial features from the skull using clay, as practiced by forensic anthropologists. Laboratory two hours per week.
U 180S Race and Minorities 3 cr. Offered autumn even-numbered years. Analysis of the development and concept of race as a social category and the processes of cultural change within and between ethnic groups.
U 198 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R-12) Offered every term. Prereq., consent of department. Extended classroom experience which provides practical application of classroom learning during placements off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for Work-Based Learning.
U 293 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. Independent work under the University omnibus option. See index.
U 295 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings relating to current problems or new developments in the discipline.
UG 381 Anthropological Data Analysis 3 cr. Offered autumn odd-numbered years. Prereq., college algebra or consent of instr. An analysis of the foundations of anthropological scaling and measurement.
UG 382 Advanced Anthropological Statistics 3 cr. Prereq., introductory course in statistics or consent of inst. Application of quantitative techniques to anthropological data.
UG 383 Anthropological Museology 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 101H. Introduction to anthropological museums, museum work and museum theory.
UG 384 Internet Anthropology Resources 1 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., ANTH major or minor, or consent of instr.; familiarity with Unix operating system. Anthropological information and resources available on the internet and how they are accessed. One hour lecture/discussion each week with weekly homework assignments that require exploration of internet accessible resources.
UG 385S Indigenous Peoples and Global Development 3 cr. Offered autumn. Examination of the impact of global development on tribal and indigenous peoples. Topics include land issues, health, employment, and cultural change caused by global development. Exploration of how these societies are resisting or adapting to their changing world.
UG 388 Native American Health and Healing 3 cr. Offered autumn. Same as NAS 388. Examination of traditional and contemporary uses of medicine in Native American societies. Issues discussed will be the current health status of American Indians, the relationship between medicine and culture, and introduction to various techniques for assessing health status of American Indian populations.
U 393 Omnibus 1-9 cr. (R-9) Offered intermittently. Independent work under the University omnibus option. See index.
U 395 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-9) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics.
U 398 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R-9) Offered intermittently. Prereq., 9 credits in anthropology; consent of faculty supervisor and cooperative education officer. Practical application of classroom learning through internship in a number of areas such as museology, cultural resource management, and forensics.
UG 431 Ethnographic Field Methods 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., ANTH 220S, 381, or consent of instr. Introduction to socio-cultural anthropological methods including participant observation, interviewing and narrative techniques and analysis of qualitative data.
UG 455 An Introduction to Public History 3 cr. Offered spring. Same as HIST 455. Review of selected areas in which public historians work. Examination of how the public historian's role may differ from the academic historian. Focus on specific approaches, issues, and problems in a variety of areas of public history.
UG 480E Ethics and Anthropology 3 cr. Offered spring even-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 101H and lower-division course in Perspective 5, ANTH 101H or 220S, or consent of instr. Ethical and anthropological modes of inquiry in relation to each other. Focus on the sociocultural subfield as well as ethical issues in physical anthropology and archaeology.
UG 481 Culture and Theory 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., ANTH 101H and 220S. The development of theory and method in cultural anthropology to the present. Various archaeological, ethnological and socio-psychological theories in the light of historical anthropology.
UG 482 Casting Techniques 2 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., ANTH 220S, 250S, 260N, or consent of instr. Techniques for replicating biological or cultural items for instructional or museum use. Two hours of laboratory work per week.
UG 486 Visual Anthropology 1 cr. (R-4) Offered intermittently. The exploration of an anthropological topic via videos and films, and complete a short written assignment each week.
UG 494 Seminars in Ethnology and Linguistics 3 cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of instr. Offered alternate years.
UG 495 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-9) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of instr. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics.
UG 496 Independent Study Variable cr. (R-6) Offered every term. Prereq., consent of instr.
G 564 Advanced Forensic Anthropology 3 cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently in spring. Prereq., ANTH 463 and 464 or the equiv. and consent of instr. Review of traditional methods and exploration of new methods of skeletal analysis, as applied to cases from the forensic collection.
G 570 Seminar in Linguistics 3 cr. (R-12) Offered autumn even-numbered years. Prereq., ANTH 270. Same as LING 570 and ENLI 570. Advanced topics in linguistic analysis.
G 580 Anthropological Theory Seminar 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Topics of general interest in the four subfields of anthropology.
G 581 Theories and Concepts of Cultural and Social Anthropology 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Major figures and concepts associated with the diachronic, synchronic, holistic, and hologeistic study of culture and society.
G 583 Theories and Concepts in Physical Anthropology 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., graduate standing. Comprehensive review of major concepts, theories, and recent publications in physical anthropology; designed to prepare graduates to evaluate new hypotheses, and to design and teach introductory physical anthropology classes.
G 584 Seminar in Archaeology 3 cr. Offered spring. Topic varies.
G 585 Seminar in Ethnology 3 cr. (R-6) Offered autumn odd-numbered years. Topic varies.
G 589 Anthropological Research Methods 3 cr. Offered autumn odd-numbered years. Field methods, case analysis techniques, controlled comparisons and cross-cultural methodology.
G 592 Anthropology Graduate Colloquium 1 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., graduate standing. Sharing of research experiences, methods, and strategies among students to facilitate the completion of theses and professional papers.
G 595 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-9) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics.
G 597 Research Variable cr. (R-9) Offered every term.
G 598 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing and consent of faculty supervisor. Practical application of classroom learning through internship in a number of areas such as museology, cultural resource management and forensics. Written reports are required.
G 599 Thesis Variable cr. (R-6) Offered every term.
Frank B. Bessac, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1963 (Emeritus)
Gregory R. Campbell, Ph.D., University of Oklahoma, 1987 (Chairman)
Thomas A. Foor, Ph.D., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1982
Carling I. Malouf, Ph.D., Columbia University, 1956 (Emeritus)
Anthony Mattina, Ph.D., University of Hawaii, 1973
Charline G. Smith, Ph.D., University of Utah, 1970 (Emeritus)
Katherine M. Weist, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1970 (Emeritus)
John E. Douglas, Ph.D., University of Arizona, 1990
Randall R. Skelton, Ph.D., University of California, Davis, 1983
G.G. Weix, Ph.D., Cornell University, 1990
Stephen Greymorning, Ph.D, University of Oklahoma, 1992
William C. Prentiss, Ph.D., Simon Fraser University, 1993
The Bachelor of Applied Science degree program provides opportunities for individuals who have completed approved Associate of Applied Science degree programs. The degree provides additional educational preparation to strengthen students' planned or previous training and improve career advancement opportunities.
See the College of Technology section of this catalog for descriptions of Associate of Applied Science degree programs offered at The University of Montana-Missoula.
Refer to graduation requirements listed previously in the catalog. See index.
Requirements come under two categories: (1) completion of an A.A.S. degree approved by the Montana Board of Regents with a 2.50 grade average, and (2) completion of a planned program of academic course work that is officially approved by the student's assigned Degree Program Committee and the University Bachelor of Applied Science Committee.
The student Degree Program Committee will include at least two faculty members, one from an appropriate baccalaureate program academic discipline and the other in the student's technical or closely related specialization.
For all approved A.A.S. programs students are allowed 50 lower-division credits to apply toward the B.A.S. degree.
After completing 15 credits of general education requirements, students develop a proposed degree plan of academic course work for review and approval by the Student Degree Program Committee and the B.A.S. Committee. Students are admitted to the B.A.S. program after the plan of academic course work has been approved by the assigned Degree Program and B.A.S. Committees.
A. Successful completion of a Bachelor of Applied Science-approved Associate of Applied Science program.
B. Successful completion of 77 credits as identified under specific requirements of which 39 credits must be in courses numbered 300 and above.
1. English Writing Skills
a. Complete successfully ENEX 101 or be exempt by receiving an acceptable score on the writing placement exam.
b. Complete successfully six credits in courses designated as writing, including at least three credits at the 300 or above level.
c. Complete successfully the Upper-Division Writing Proficiency Assessment.
2. Mathematical Literacy
Complete successfully one mathematics course numbered greater than 100, with a grade of C or P or better, or demonstrate equivalent skill by competency testing.
3. Foreign Language/Symbolic Systems
a. Complete successfully the second semester of a foreign language at The University of Montana-Missoula or demonstrate equivalent skill in a foreign language;
OR
b. Complete successfully one of the approved sequences in a symbolic system.
Complete successfully 27 credits in the six identified perspectives. A minimum of two credits is required from each perspective, except perspective 6 in which six credits are required. A maximum of six credits from each perspective will count toward the general education distribution requirement:
1. Perspective 1 - Expressive Arts
2. Perspective 2 - Literary and Artistic Studies
3. Perspective 3 - Historical and Cultural Studies
4. Perspective 4 - Social Science
5. Perspective 5 - Ethical and Human Values
6. Perspective 6 - Natural Science
C. Supportive
Complete successfully 30 credits in a field or fields related to or supportive of special and individual needs of the student and the student's Associate of Applied Science degree program, 21 of which must be numbered 300 and above.
Courses
U = undergraduate credit only, UG = for undergraduate or graduate credit, G = for graduate credit. R after the credit indicates the course may be repeated for credit to the maximum indicated after the R.
U 396 Independent Study 1-6 cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently.