The Division offers an undergraduate degree in biology that provides a solid foundation in core areas of the biological sciences and in supporting physical sciences and mathematics. Several options are provided within the biology degree. Options in botanical sciences, cellular and molecular biology, ecology, and zoological sciences allow specialization in biological subdisciplines and are appropriate background for certain employment opportunities and for continued graduate or professional study:

Botanical sciences: Study of plant life including form, structure, development, physiology, reproduction, classification, evolution, and ecology.
Cellular and molecular biology: For students wishing to concentrate on cellular and physiological aspects of biology.

Ecology: For students wishing to emphasize ecology and environmental areas of biology.
Human biological sciences: Provides a strong background in the biological sciences for students pursuing a career in the health sciences professional programs, although some programs may require additional coursework in certain areas.

Natural history: Designed especially for students wishing to combine basic natural history and biological sciences with another field such as art, journalism, or creative writing. Option is not suitable for students planning a traditional career in the biological sciences.

Zoological sciences: Option includes courses in various aspects of animal life including form, development, physiology, evolution, and ecology.

Teacher preparation in biology, Teacher preparation in general science: Two separate options designed for students seeking careers in secondary or biology science teaching.

High School Preparation: In addition to general University admission requirements, chemistry, mathematics through precalculus, and a modern foreign language are recommended.

Special Degree Requirements back to top

Refer to graduation requirements listed previously in the catalog. See index.

Upper-Division Writing Expectation: To meet the Upper-Division Writing Expectations of the Bachelor of Arts in Biology, students must successfully complete BIOL 341 or MICB 420 and one course selected from BIOL 304, 306, 311, 366, 403, 405, 406, 444, 480 or MICB 410 or a senior thesis (BIOL 499 minimum 3 credits).

Option in Botanical Sciences

Forty four credits in biology including BIOL 101N-102N, 103N-104N, 221, 223, 250, 311(or 457)-312, 340 341, 444, and six 300-400 level BIOL credits emphasizing botanical science.

MATH 150 and 241 are required, however the prerequisite courses MATH 117 and 121 may be needed. FOR 210; CHEM 151N 152N, 154N or 151N 152N, 154N plus 221 222-223 224; and PHYS 121N 122N or 221N 222N also are required.

Option in Cellular and Molecular Biology

Forty-three to forty four credits in biology and microbiology including BIOL 101N-102N, 103N-104N, 121N, 221, 223, 301, 440; MICB 300 301, 404, 410, 420; one physiology course chosen from BIOL 345, 444 or 460, or MICB 450; and two lab courses chosen from MICB 405, 411, 421, or 451.

MATH 150 is required; however, the prerequisite course MATH 121 may be needed. BIOC 481-482; CHEM 161N 162N, 221 222-223 224, 341, 370; PHYS 121N 122N or 221N 222N also are required.

Option in Ecology

Thirty-seven to forty-two credits in biology and microbiology including BIOL 101N-102N-103N-104N, 221, 223, 340 341; one course chosen from BIOL 413 or 497; one ecology course chosen from BIOL 311, 366, 410, 448, 450, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457 or MICB 306; one physiology course chosen from BIOL 345, 444 or MICB 450 and 451; and one course chosen from BIOL 304, 306, 308, 312, 355, 356, 357, 405, 406, 410, 449 or 480.

MATH 150 and 241 are required, however the prerequisite courses MATH 117 and 121 may needed. CHEM 151N 152N, 154N; PHYS 121N 122N or 221N 222N also are required and one course chosen from the two choices: CHEM 341 or MATH 444 and 447.

Option in Human Biological Sciences

Forty-two to forty-three credits in biology, biochemistry, and microbiology including BIOL 101N-102N, 212N, 213N, 221, 223, 301, 340-341, 460; MICB 300-301 (or MICB 302) and the remaining credits at the 300 or 400 level.

One year of chemistry (CHEM 151N, 152N-154N) or two years of chemistry (CHEM 161N, 162N, 221-223-222-224); MATH 150, 241; PHYS 121N, 122N or 221N, 222N; PSYC 100S, 240S or 330S also are required.

Recommended Courses: Some graduate schools in the health professions also may require course work in these areas: BIOL 103N-104N, Diversity of Life; BIOL 401, General Parisitology; BIOC 380 or 481, 482, Biochemistry; COMM 111A, Introduction to Public Speaking; HHP 236N, Nutrition; SOC 110S, Principles of Sociology.

Option in Natural History

Forty-two to forty-four credits in biology including BIOL 101N-102N-103N-104N, 221, 223, 250, 340-341, 410; one course chosen from 311, 312 or 457; one course chosen from 304, 306, 355, or 356; one course chosen from 405 or 406.

CHEM 151N 152N, 154N and GEOL 100N-101N are required. Students also must complete at least 20 credits in cognate areas of anthropology, chemistry (excluding CHEM 151N-152N, 154N), geography, geology (excluding GEOL 100N-101N), forestry, mathematics, physics/astronomy, and wildlife biology. No more than 10 credits from any one of these areas can be applied toward the 20 credit requirement. Students interested in combining this option with another subject area may, with the advisor's permission, substitute 20 credits in English writing, journalism, photography, art, foreign language, business management, or other appropriate field.

Option in Zoological Sciences

Forty two to forty five credits in biology including BIOL 101N-102N, 103N-104N, 221, 223, 301, 340 341, 345, 403, 410; one course chosen from BIOL 413, 497; and one course chosen from BIOL 304, 306, 308, 355, 356, 357, 400-401, 405, 406, 449, 456, or 480.

MATH 150 and 241 are required; however, the prerequisite courses MATH 117 and 121 may be needed. CHEM 151N 152N, and 154N or 161N 162N, 221 222-223 224 and PHYS 121N-122N or 221N-222N also are required.

Teacher Preparation in Biology

Option in Biological Education Major Teaching Field of Biology: This option is designed for students seeking an endorsement in the major teaching field of biology.
A student must complete thirty-four credits in biology and microbiology including BIOL 101N 102N-103N 104N, 221, 223, 340 341, 444; MICB 300 301 and one course chosen from BIOL 301 or 345.

MATH 150 or 152 and 241 are required; however, the prerequisite courses MATH 117 and 121 may be needed. CHEM 151N 152N, 154N, 485; PHYS 121N; C&I 426; and one course chosen from GEOL 109 or 301 also are required.

For endorsement to teach biology, a student also must gain admission to Teacher Education and Student Teaching and meet all the requirements for certification as a secondary teacher (see the School of Education section of this catalog).

Biology qualifies for a single field endorsement. However, there is a limited demand in most Montana high schools for teachers with a single endorsement in biology, and students are advised to complete the requirements for a second teaching endorsement (major or minor).

Minor Teaching Field of Biology: For an endorsement in the minor teaching field of biology, a student must complete BIOL 101N 102N, 103N 104N, 221, 223; MICB 300 301; C&I 426; GEOL 109N or GEOL 301; MATH 150 or 152, 241; and CHEM 151N-152N, 485. A student also must gain admission to Teacher Education and Student Teaching and must meet the requirements for certification as a secondary teacher (see the School of Education section of this catalog).

Teacher Preparation in General Science

Extended Major Teaching Field of General Science: A student is awarded a B.A. with a major in biology with an ecology option by completing the following 60 credits in astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, mathematics and physics: ASTR 131N, 134N; BIOL 101N-102N, 103N 104N, 221, 223, 340 341; CHEM 152N, 161N 162N, 485; GEOL 100N-101N, 301; MATH 150 or 152, 241 (the prerequisite courses MATH 117 and 121 may be needed); and PHYS 121N 122N or 221N 222N. C&I 426 also is required.

Highly recommended are BIOL 345, MICB 300 301, and CHEM 101N.

For an endorsement in the extended major teaching field of General Science, a student must gain admission to Teacher Education and Student Teaching, complete C&I 426 and meet the requirement for certification as a secondary teacher (see the School of Education section of this catalog.)

Suggested Course of Study back to top

Biological Education Option
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N-104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 151N General and Inorganic Chemistry
CHEM 152N Organic and Biological Chemistry
CHEM 154N General Chemistry Laboratory
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
PSYC 100S Introduction to Psychology
General Education/Native American studies course from School of Education list
General Education
Total ...................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics and Evolution
C&I 200 Exploring Teaching
C&I 303 Educational Psychology and Measuremen
GEOL 109N Environmental Geoscience
MATH 241 Statistics
MICB 300-301 General Microbiology & Laboratory
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory
BIOL 345 Principles of Physiology (or BIOL 301 in spring
BIOL 444 Plant Physiology
CHEM 485 Laboratory Safety
HHP 233 Health Issues of Children and Adolescents
PHYS 121N General Physics
Upper-division writing course
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
C&I 301 or 302 Field Experience
C&I 306 Instructional Media and Computer Applications
C&I 407E Ethics and Policy Issues
C&I 410 Exceptionality and Classroom Management
C&I 426 Teaching Science in the Middle and Secondary School
C&I 427 Literary Strategies in Content Areas
C&I 482 Student Teaching: Secondary
Total....................................................................................................................

Botanical Sciences Option with One Year of Chemistry
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N 104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 151N General and Inorganic Chemistry
CHEM 152N Organic and Biological Chemistry
CHEM 154N General Chemistry Laboratory
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
General Education
Elective
Total ...................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics & Evolution
FOR 210 Soils
PHYS 121N-122N General Physics I, II
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total...................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 250 Rocky Mountain Flora
BIOL 311 312 Survey of Plants I, II
BIOL 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory
General Education
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 444 Plant Physiology
Upper-division elective in botany
Upper-division elective
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Botanical Sciences Option with Two Years of Chemistry
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N 104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 151N General and Inorganic Chemistry
CHEM 152N Organic and Biological Chemistry
CHEM 154N General Chemistry Laboratory
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics & Evolution
CHEM 221-222-223-223 Organic Chemistry and Laboratory
FOR 210 Soils
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 250 Rocky Mountain Flora
BIOL 311 312 Survey of Plants I, II
BIOL 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory
PHYS 121N-122N General Physics I, II
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 444 Plant Physiology
Upper-division elective in botany
Upper-division elective
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Cellular and Molecular Biology Option
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N-104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
BIOL 121N Introductory Ecology
CHEM 161N-162N College Chemistry
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
General Education
Total...................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics & Evolution
CHEM 221 222, 223 224 Organic Chemistry and Laboratory
MICB 300-301 General Microbiology and Laboratory
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOC 481-482 Biochemistry
BIOL 345 Principles of Physiology or 460, 444, or MICB 450
CHEM 341 Quantitative Analysis and Instrumental Methods
MICB 404 Molecular Genetics
MICB 405 Molecular Genetics Laboratory or 411, 421, 451
PHYS 121N-122N or 221N-222N General Physics
Upper-division writing course
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 301 Developmental Biology
BIOL 440 Biological Electron Microscopy
CHEM 370 Applied Physical Chemistry
MICB 410 Immunology
MICB 411 Immunology Laboratory or 405, 421, 451
MICB 420 Virology
General Education
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Ecology Option
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N-104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 151N General and Inorganic Chemistry
CHEM 152N Organic and Biological Chemistry
CHEM 154N General Chemistry Laboratory
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
Electives
Total...................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics and Evolution
PHYS 121N-122N or 221N-222N General Physics
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 340 341 Ecology and Laboratory
BIOL 345 Principles of Physiology or 366, 444 or MICB 450
BIOL 366 Freshwater Ecology or 311, 410,
448, 450, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457 or MICB 306
General Education
Upper-division elective
Elective
Total...................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 306 Mammalogy or 304, 306, 308,312, 355, 356, 357, 405, 406, 410, 449 or 480
BIOL 413 Field Ecology or 497 at Flathead Lake Biological Station
MATH 444 Statistical Methods
MATH 447 Computer Data Analysis
General Education
Upper-division elective
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Ecology Option for Teacher Preparation in General Science
First Year
BIOL 103N-104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 161N-162N College Chemistry
ENEX 101 Composition
GEOL 100N-101N General Geology and Laboratory
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
PSYC 100S Introduction to Psychology
General Education/Native American studies course from School of Education list
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Second Year
ASTR 131N, 134N Elementary Astronomy and Laboratory
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics and Evolution
C&I 200 Exploring Teaching
C&I 303 Educational Psychology and Measurement
CHEM 221 Organic Chemistry
CHEM 485 Laboratory Safety
HHP 233 Health Issues of Children and Adolescents
MATH 241 Statistics
Lower-division writing course
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory
GEOL 301 Environmental Geology
PHYS 121N-122N General Physics I, II
Upper-division writing course
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
C&I 301 or 302 Field Experience
C&I 306 Instructional Media and Computer Applications
C&I 407E Ethics and Policy Issues
C&I 410 Exceptionality and Classroom Management
C&I 426 Teaching Science in the Middle and Secondary School
C&I 427 Literary Strategies in Content Areas
C&I 482 Student Teaching: Secondary
Total....................................................................................................................

Human Biological Sciences Option with One Year of Chemistry
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
CHEM 151N General and Inorganic Chemistry
CHEM 152N Organic and Biological Chemistry
CHEM 154N General Chemistry Laboratory
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
PSYC 100S Introduction to Psychology
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics and Evolution
PHYS 121N-122N General Physics I, II
PSYC 330S Abnormal Psychology or PSYC 240S(if 240S, must have 3 more upper-division credits)
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 212N, 213N Anatomy and Physiology I and II
BIOL 301 Developmental Biology
BIOL 340-341 Ecology
MICB 300-301General Microbiology and Laboratory
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 460 Medical Physiology
Upper-division Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry elective
Upper-division
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Human Biological Sciences Option with Two Years of Chemistry
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
CHEM 161N-162N College Chemistry
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
PSYC 100S Introduction to Psychology
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics and Evolution
CHEM 221-222-223-223 Organic Chemistry and Laboratory
MICB 300-301 General Microbiology and Laboratory
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 212N, 213N Anatomy and Physiology I and II
BIOL 301 Developmental Biology
BIOL 340 Ecology (or other ecology course)
PHYS 121N-122N General Physics I, II
PSYC 330S Abnormal Psychology or PSYC 240S
(if 240S, must have 3 more upper-division credits)
Total

Fourth Year
BIOL 460 Medical Physiology
Upper-division Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry elective
Upper-division General Education
Upper-division
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Natural History Option
First Year
BIOL 101N 102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N 104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 151N General and Inorganic Chemistry
CHEM 152N Organic and Biological Chemistry
CHEM 154N General Chemistry Laboratory
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 117 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics & Evolution
BIOL 250 Rocky Mountain Flora
GEOL 100N-101N General Geology and Laboratory
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 340 Ecology
BIOL 341 Ecology Laboratory
BIOL 312 Survey of Plants II or 311, 457
Cognate course
Upper-division cognate course
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 306 Mammalogy or 304, 355, 356
BIOL 405 Insect Behavior or 406
BIOL 410 Entomology
Cognate course
Upper-division electives
Electives
Total...................................................................................................................

Zoological Sciences Option with One Year of Chemistry
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N 104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 151N General and Inorganic Chemistry
CHEM 152N Organic and Biological Chemistry
CHEM 154N General Chemistry Laboratory
ENEX 101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
General Education
Elective
Total

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics & Evolution
PHYS 121N-122N General Physics I, II
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 301 Developmental Biology
BIOL 340 341 Ecology and Laboratory
BIOL 345 Principles of Physiology
General Education
Upper-division elective
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 304 Ornithology or 306, 308, 355, 357, 405,
406, 449, 456, 480 or both 400 and 401
BIOL 403 Functional Vertebrate Morphology
BIOL 410 Entomology
BIOL 413 Field Ecology or 413 or 497 at Flathead Biological Station
Upper-division elective
Electives
Total....................................................................................................................

Zoological Sciences Option with Two Years of Chemistry
First Year
BIOL 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory
BIOL 103N-104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory
CHEM 161N-162N College Chemistry
ENEX101 Composition
MATH 150 Applied Calculus
MATH 241 Statistics
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Second Year
BIOL 221 Cell and Molecular Biology
BIOL 223 Genetics and Evolution
CHEM 221N-222N-223N-224N Organic Chemistry and Laboratory
Lower-division writing course
General Education
Total....................................................................................................................

Third Year
BIOL 301 Developmental Biology
BIOL 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory
BIOL 345 Principles of Physiology
PHYS 121N-122N General Physics I, II
General Education
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Fourth Year
BIOL 304 Ornithology or 306, 308, 355, 357, 405,
406, 449, 456, 480 or both 400 and 401
BIOL 403 Functional Vertebrate Morphology
BIOL 410 Entomology
BIOL 413 Field Ecology or 413 or 497 at Flathead Biological Station
Upper-division elective
Elective
Total....................................................................................................................

Requirements for a Minor

To earn a minor in biology, the student must complete a minimum of 25 credits in biology including BIOL 101N 102N, 103N 104N, 221 and 223 and 8 credits in biology, biochemistry or microbiology at the 300 400 level. Exemption from BIOL 101N 102N may be allowed with approval of an advisor in the Division. All courses must be taken for a traditional letter grade.

Courses back to top

U = for undergraduate credit only, UG = for undergraduate or graduate credit, G = for graduate credit. R after the credit indicates the course may be repeated for credit to the maximum indicated after the R.

U 100N The Science of Life 3 cr. Offered autumn. Contemporary exploration of the organization and complexity of living organisms and the systems in which they live. The central question of biology relationship between form and function, acquisition and use of energy, and continuity between generations will be addressed through lectures and laboratory investigations. Credit not allowed toward a major in biology. Credit not allowed for both BIOL 100N and 101N.

U 101N Principles of Biology 3 cr. Offered autumn. Unifying principles of biological structure function relationships at different levels of organization and complexity. Energy, substances, organisms. Reproduction, genetics, development, evolution, ecosystems, the inter relationships of the human species to the rest of life. Credit not allowed for both BIOL 100N and 101N.

U 102N Principles of Biology Laboratory 1 cr. Offered autumn. Coreq., BIOL 101N. A series of laboratory experiences illustrating basic biological principles including growth, reproduction, development, genetics and physiological processes.

U 103N Diversity of Life 3 cr. Offered spring. Survey of the diversity, evolution and ecology of life including prokaryotes, viruses, protista, fungi, plants and animals.

U 104N Diversity of Life Laboratory 2 cr. Offered spring. Coreq., BIOL 103N. The diversity of life including prokaryotes, viruses, protista, fungi, plants and animals including structure and evolutionary relationships.

U 105N Elementary Microbiology 3 cr. Offered autumn. Coreq., BIOL 107N recommended. Same as MICB 105N. The structure, function and classification of bacteria, molds, yeasts, rickettsiae and viruses, and their practical significance to agriculture, food, drug, fermentation and other industries. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology.

U 106N Elementary Medical Microbiology 3 cr. Offered spring. Same as MICB 106N. Infectious diseases, including concepts of virulence, resistance, prevention and control of microbial diseases in the individual and in the community. If laboratory experience is desired, the student may enroll concurrently in BIOL 107N. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology.

U 107N Elementary Microbiology Laboratory 1 cr. Offered autumn and spring. Prereq. or coreq., BIOL 105N or 106N. Same as MICB 107N. Observation of live microorganisms, their characteristics and activities. Experience with microbiological techniques. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology.

U 120N General Botany 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., consent of instr. Introduction to the plant kingdom including anatomy, physiology and ecology.

U 121N Introductory Ecology 3 cr. Offered autumn. An introduction to ecological principles, stressing the structure and function of natural communities and examining human's role in these ecosystems.

U 195 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics.

U 198 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R 9) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for Work-Based Learning.

U 201N Montana Wildlife 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., one course in biology. Interpreting biological patterns associated with selected Montana wildlife species, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.

U 212N Anatomy and Physiology I 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq. or coreq., CHEM 151N or CHEM 161N; BIOL 101N, 102N strongly recommended. Introduction to basic cellular structure and function. The fundamental facts and concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous and endocrine systems.

U 213N Anatomy and Physiology II 4 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 212. The fundamental facts and concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

U 221 Cell and Molecular Biology 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 101N or equiv. and one year of college chemistry. Description and analysis of biological structures and processes at the cellular and subcellular levels including molecular genetics, energy, metabolism and cell differentiation.

U 223 Genetics and Evolution 4 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 221. Principles and mechanisms of inheritance and evolution. Population genetics, fossil record, macroevolution, speciation, extinction, systematics, molecular evolution.

U 250 Rocky Mountain Flora 3 cr. Offered every term. Elements of the evolution, geography and natural affinities of flowering plants. Identification using a manual of native plants of Montana.

U 265N Human Sexuality 3 cr. Offered spring. Same as ANTH 265N. Biological, behavioral, cross cultural aspects of human sexuality to help students place their own sexuality and that of others in a broader perspective. Includes sexual anatomy, physiology, development, reproduction, diseases, determination, as well as gender development and current issues.

U 295 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics.

U 298 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R 9) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for Work-Based Learning.

UG 301 Developmental Biology 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 221; BIOL 223 recommended. An analysis of the origin and development of form and patterns in organisms, stressing the processes of growth and differentiation in plants and animals.

UG 302 Comparative Vertebrate Embryology 2 cr. Offered spring. Coreq., BIOL 301. A laboratory course emphasizing comparative embryological development of vertebrates.

UG 304 Ornithology 4 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N and 223. The classification, structure, evolution, behavior and ecology of birds.

UG 306 Mammalogy 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N and 223. The evolution, systematics, anatomy, physiology and ecology of mammals.

UG 308 Biology and Management of Fishes 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N, 223 and one year of college mathematics. Diversity, adaptations and ecology of fishes. Analysis and management of fish populations and communities. Credit not allowed for BIOL 308 and 357.

UG 311 Survey of Plants I 5 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N. Morphology, ultrastructure, systematics, physiology and ecology of algae and lower fungi.

UG 312 Survey of Plants II 5 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N. Structure and function of vegetative and reproductive organs of the higher fungi, bryophytes, and vascular plants and their importance in classification and evolutionary thought.

UG 315 Peer Advising 1 cr. (R-6) Offered every term. Prereq., junior standing or current enrollment in BIOL 223. Supervised training and internship for peer advisors who will gain knowledge and ability to communicate degree requirements and relate the various degree offerings to professional and career goals. No more than two credits are allowed toward upper-division major requirements.

UG 340 Ecology 3 cr. Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., BIOL 223 and one year of college mathematics including MATH 241 or equiv. Analysis of the distribution and abundance of plants and animals. Includes individual, population and community level processes (e.g., population growth and regulation, competition, predation, succession, nutrient cycling, energy flow and community organization).

UG 341 Ecology Laboratory 2 cr. Offered autumn and spring. Coreq., BIOL 340. Methods of describing and testing alternative explanations for patterns in nature. The use of scientific methodology in ecology.

UG 345 Principles of Physiology 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 221 or equiv. Fundamental principles of coordination, respiration, excretion, digestion, metabolism, circulation and reproduction in vertebrates.

UG 355 Ecology of Mammals 4 cr. Prereq., BIOL 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history and behavior of mammals.

UG 356 Ecology of Birds 4 cr. Prereq., BIOL 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history, and behavior of western Montana birds.

UG 357 Ecology of Fishes 4 cr. Prereq., BIOL 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history, and behavior of fishes inhabiting lakes and streams. Credit not allowed for BIOL 308 and 357.

UG 366 Freshwater Ecology 5 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N and one year of college chemistry. Physical and chemical dynamics of lakes and streams. Diversity, distribution and dynamics of freshwater organisms.

U 395 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 10) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics.

U 397 Research 1 10 cr. (R 10) Offered every term. Prereq., consent of instr. Independent research under the direction of a faculty member. Graded pass/not pass.

U 398 Cooperative Education Experience 1 12 cr. (R 12) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of the Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for Work-Based Learning.

UG 400 General Parasitology 2 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 223. Parasitism as a biological phenomenon, origin of parasitism, adaptations and life cycles, parasite morphology, fine structure, physiology, parasites and their environment.

UG 401 General Parasitology Laboratory 2 cr. Offered autumn. Coreq., BIOL 400. Taxonomy, morphology and identification of parasitic protozoa, helminths and arthropods.

UG 403 Vertebrate Design and Evolution 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N and 223 and PHYS 121N or 221N. Evolutionary patterns of animal morphology and the importance of body size on life history patterns. Phylogenetic study of major extant and extinct vertebrate groups. Laboratory includes systematic study of organ systems and workshops in experimental functional morphology.

UG 405 Animal Behavior 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 223, senior standing or consent of instr. The description and evolutionary interpretation of animal behavior under natural conditions. Laboratory involves observation and recording of animal behavior.

UG 406 Insect Behavior and Evolution 4 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 223; BIOL 405 preferred. Diversity of insect behavior in an evolutionary context including inheritance of behavior, diets, avoidance responses, mating systems and sexual selection, parental care, and evolution of insect groups and societies. Discussion sections examine both landmark and recent literature.

UG 408 Advanced Fisheries Science 2 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 308. Quantitative analysis and interpretation of fish population and community data for use in management. Selection, application and evaluation of management techniques.

UG 410 Entomology 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 103N, 104N and 223. Offered spring. The classification, morphology, anatomy, development, life-history, behavior and ecology of insects. Labs include identification of major insect groups, internal and external anatomy and student collections.

UG 413 Field Ecology 3 cr. (R 9) Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 340 and 341, MATH 241, or equiv. and consent of instr. Firsthand experience with the methods of developing and conducting research in field ecology. Independent research projects during an extended field trip required, followed by data analysis, a written report and an oral report during the subsequent semester.

UG 415 Field Methods in Fisheries Biology and Management 1 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 308 or 357; onsent of instr. Same as WBIO 441. Field instruction by practicing biologists in techniques for evaluating and managing aquatic habitats and fish populations.

UG 418 Fungal Biology 3 cr. Offered autumn even-numbered years. Prereq., BIOL 103-104 and 221-223 or MICB 300 or consent of instr. Same as MICB 418. Reviews the definition, evolution, genetics, physiology, and ecology of fungi (including organisms in the Chromista), provides overview of all fungal phyla (Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Labyrinthulomycota, Oomycota), and highlights the importance of fungi to human affairs (food production, fungal pathogens).

UG 419 Diversity of Microorganisms 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. Prereq., BIOL 221, 223. Same as MICB 419. An inquiry-based, combined lecture and laboratory course. Examination of the diversity of life at the microbial level based on broad concepts and testable hypotheses that are examined in the laboratory using state-of-the-art techniques.

UG 420 Plant Systematics 2 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 223, 250 and 312. Principles of plant evolution and classification. Analyzing variation in populations; cytogenetic, chemical, phenetic and cladistic methods.

UG 421 Plant Systematics Laboratory 1 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq. or coreq., BIOL 420. Analysis of variation in plant populations using morphological and molecular methods.

UG 440 Biological Electron Microscopy 2 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., senior standing or consent of instr. Theory of electron microscopy, recent developments in transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Limited experience with the instruments.

UG 444 Plant Physiology 4 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 103N-104N, 120N or 312. The chemical and physical basis of water relations, photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, respiration, vegetative and reproductive growth of plants.

UG 448 Terrestrial Plant Ecology 4 cr. Prereq., an introductory college course in ecology. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The interrelationships between plants and plant communities and their natural environment.

UG 449 Plant-Animal Interactions 4 cr. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Prereq., a college course in ecology. Concepts and techniques for understanding the interdependent relationships between plants and animals. Emphasis given to ecological and behavioral studies.

UG 450 Winter Ecology 3 cr. Offered intersession. Prereq., a college course in ecology. Adaptation strategies of plants and animals to winter survival. Methods of measuring plant-animal dynamics in winter landscapes.

UG 453 Lake Ecology 3 cr. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Prereq., BIOL 223, CHEM 162N and a college course in ecology. The biogeochemical processes that characterize the lakes and ponds of western Montana.

UG 454 River Ecology 3 cr. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Prereq., BIOL 223, CHEM 162N and a college course in ecology. The biogeochemical processes that characterize the streams and rivers of western Montana.

UG 455 Groundwater and Riparian Ecology 3 cr. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Prereq., BIOL 223, CHEM 162N and a college course in ecology. Principles and methods for identifying and understanding surface and groundwater interactions in a watershed context. Emphasis on the ecology of groundwater and riparian food webs.

UG 456 Aquatic Vertebrate Ecology and Conservation 3 cr. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Prereq., BIOL 223, CHEM 162N and a college course in ecology. Concepts and techniques for sustaining the natural ecological integrity of vertebrate communities of lakes, streams and wetlands. Focus is on field studies of fishes and amphibians.

UG 457 Aquatic Botany 5 cr. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Prereq., BIOL 103N-104N. Ecology, morphology, systematics and physiology of the algae, lower fungi and hydrophytes.

UG 460 Medical Physiology 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 212N, 213, one year college chemistry or consent of instr. Advanced principles of normal and abnormal physiology. Primarily for students in the professional physical therapy program.

U 471 Teaching Anatomy and Physiology I 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 212N and 213N or equiv. and consent of instr. Advanced instruction in prosection of cadavers, the preparation of laboratory demonstrations and materials, and in the teaching of anatomy and physiology laboratories.

U 472 Teaching Anatomy and Physiology II 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., BIOL 212N and 213N or equiv. and consent of instr. Continuation of BIOL 471. Advanced instruction in prosection of cadavers, the preparation of laboratory demonstrations and materials, and in the teaching of anatomy and physiology laboratories.

UG 480 Conservation Genetics 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., BIOL 223. Genetic basis for solving biological problems in conservation including the genetics of small populations, the application of molecular genetic techniques to conservation biology and case studies of the application of genetics to conservation problems.

U 493 Omnibus 1 10 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of instr. Independent work under the University omnibus option. See index.

UG 494 Seminar in Biology 1 cr. (R 3) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of instr.

UG 495 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 10) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of instr. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics.

UG 497 Advanced Undergraduate Research 1-10 cr. (R 10) Offered every term. Prereq., junior or senior standing and consent of instr. Independent research under the direction of a faculty member. Graded pass/not pass.

U 498 Cooperative Education Experience 1 12 cr. (R 12) Offered intermittently. Prereq., consent of the Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for Work-Based Learning.

U 499 Undergraduate Thesis 3-6 cr. (R-6) Offered every term. Prereq., senior standing and consent of instr. Preparation of a thesis or manuscript based on undergraduate research for presentation and/or publication. Student must give oral or poster presentation at the Biological Sciences Undergraduate Research Symposium or a scientific meeting. Graded pass/not pass.

G 501 Graduate Issues and Policies 1 cr. Prereq., graduate standing in biological sciences. Discussion of issues of importance to new graduate students, including the philosophy of graduate education, the mentor student relationship, the role of the teaching assistant, handling ethical quandaries, library resources and bibliographic searches, animal use policies and issues, proposal writing and the publication process. Review of ongoing research by faculty in the organismal biology and ecology program.

G 502 Teaching Biology 3 cr. Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Examination of current literature on appropriate instruction and classroom management techniques, philosophies of science education reform movements, developing innovative investigations, and classroom assessment strategies. Recommended for teaching assistants and students pursuing faculty careers at pre college and college levels.

G 503 Ecological Morphology 3 5 cr. Prereq., BIOL 403 or equiv., undergraduate ecology. Offered alternate years. Studies of animal structure and their ecology. The relationship between form and function in animal design emphasizing biomechanics, locomotion, feeding mechanics and body shape integrating ecology.

G 510 Avian Ecology 3 cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing in EVST, BIOL, WBIO; upper-division course in ecology; or consent of instr. Review of recent developments in avian ecology with special emphasis on scientific methodology.

G 511 Behavioral Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., BIOL 340, graduate standing, or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Review and discussion of recent studies dealing with behavioral aspects of ecology, including such topics as territoriality, mate choice, social systems, habitat selection, foraging theory and migration.

G 513 Community Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., BIOL 340 or equiv., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Current concepts of species interactions, succession, food webs, temporal and spatial patterns and quantitative characterization of community structure.

G 517 Advanced Plant Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., upper division course in ecology or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Review and discussion of recent advances in plant ecology.

G 518 Biogeography 3 cr. Prereq., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Description of the distribution of plants and animals at global, continental and regional scales. Analysis of ecological and historical factors influencing distribution and association.

G 522 Readings in Morphology, Physiology and Ecology 1 cr. (R 8) Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Review and discussion of current literature in the fields of morphology, physiology, and ecology.

G 524 Physiological Plant Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., BIOL 340 and 444. Offered alternate years. The physiological basis of plant adaptation and response to the environment.

G 526 Current Trends in Plant Ecology 2 cr. (R-16) Prereq., graduate standing. Current concepts, theory, and experiments in plant ecology.

G 530 Advanced Topics in Physiology 1 4 cr. (R 8) Prereq., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Topics vary but emphasize aspects of comparative or environmental physiology of animals and/or plants.

G 541 Electron Microscopy Laboratory Variable cr. (R 6) Prereq. or coreq., BIOL 440 or equiv. Practical laboratory experience in the preparation of various biological materials, hands on operation of the transmission electron microscope.

G 550 Pollution Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., college ecology course or consent of instr. Same as EVST 550. Environmental fate and biological effects of water pollutants, especially in aquatic ecosystems.

G 551 Environmental Field Study 1-3 cr. (R-3) Prereq. or coreq., BIOL 550 or EVST 540 or 560. Same as EVST 551. Designing, executing, and interpreting environmental studies. Project oriented.

G 561 Population Genetics Seminar 1 2 cr. (R 12) Prereq., consent of instr. or graduate standing. Current topics in population genetics, evolutionary biology, molecular evolution and related topics.

G 575 Frontiers in Conservation Research 2 cr. (R-6) Same as WBIO 575. Exploration of current topics in conservation biology.

G 594 Seminar in Biology 1 cr. (R 6) Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. A review and discussion of current research in biology. Topics vary.

G 595 Special Topics 1 8 cr. (R 8) Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Experimental offering of new courses by resident or visiting faculty.

G 596 Independent Study 1 8 cr. (R 8) Prereq., consent of instr. Credit for independent research project unrelated to thesis or dissertation.

G 597 Research 1 8 cr. (R 12) Prereq., consent of instr. Library work involved with preparation o a thesis or dissertation proposal.

G 598 Cooperative Education Experience 1 8 cr. (R 8) Prereq., consent of the Division, graduate standing. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for Work-Based Learning.

G 599 Thesis 1 10 cr. (R 10) Prereq., masters student in biology. Field and laboratory research on, and writing of, a student's masters thesis.

G 699 Dissertation 1 10 cr. (R 20) Prereq., doctoral student in biology. Credit for field and laboratory research on, and writing of, a student's doctoral dissertation