Anthony Mattina, Chair
Mission
Linguistics and Applied Linguistics. Linguistics
studies all aspects of Language and languages, and aims to discover
the general principles that govern LanguageBprinciples presumed
to be common to all languages. It also aims to study, understand,
and describe the details of individual languages: the sounds used
by individual languages; the make-up of words, phrases and sentences;
the range of phenomena covered by such grammatical categories
as verbs and nouns, gender, tense, aspect, transitivity and a
host of others. Linguistics studies how languages are learned,
and how they function in their social contexts. The understanding
of linguistic principles is applied to a variety of fields, including
language teaching, language therapy, communication, speech synthesis,
and language preservation.
Objectives. The objectives of the Linguistics
Program are to train students in the scientific analysis of languages.
Students are prepared for further graduate study in the field;
to study other languages; to apply their understanding of language
to other fields; and to teach English and other languages to non-native
students of those languages.
Endangered Languages. About six thousand languages
are currently spoken in the world, but only 300 (five percent)
are projected to survive into the 22nd century. The predicted
imminent extinction of nearly six thousand languages is cause
for great concern, much as the extinction of biological species,
and we wish for biological, linguistic, and ethnic diversity.
The preservation of languages and linguistic diversity, therefore,
is the most pressing goal of Linguistics.
Montana and Regional Languages. Montana is the
aboriginal home of speakers of languages that belong to four distinct
language families: 1. Kutenai; 2. Flathead (Salish); 3. Cree,
Blackfeet, Northern Cheyenne, and Gros Ventre (Algonquian); 4.
Assiniboine, Sioux and Crow (Siouan). We are committed to preserving
the linguistic diversity of the state and of the region, and our
students are expected to gain a multi-cultural perspective that
will engender a spirit of cooperation and mutual respect between
people of different cultures and backgrounds.
Collaboration. The Linguistics Program is situated
within the Department of Anthropology. In offering its curriculum
the Linguistics Program collaborates with Native American Studies,
English, Foreign Languages and Literatures, Communication Studies,
Philosophy, and the McNair and other programs to provide a cooperative
environment conducive to learning.
Degrees Offered. The University offers an M.A.
with a major in Linguistics with options in General and Applied
Linguistics. Linguistics options also are available to students
pursuing masters degrees in anthropology and English. The University
does not offer an undergraduate degree in linguistics but students
can earn baccalaureate degrees in anthropology, English, French,
German, and Spanish with options in linguistics.
For specific course requirements in the Departments of Anthropology,
English, and Foreign Languages and Literatures, students should
refer to the relevant department's section in this catalog and
confer both with the advisors in the individual departments and
the undergraduate advisors in the Linguistics Program.
Certificate
of Accomplishment in Teaching English as a Second Language.
The University offers a sequence of courses (24 credits) that
will lead to a Certificate of Accomplishment in Teaching English
as a Second Language. The certificate will be issued by the University
upon the recommendation of the Linguistics Program and the Faculty
Senate.
In order to earn this certificate, a student must hold (or simultaneously
earn) a baccalaureate or higher degree and complete the following
courses: LING 270 or 470; LING 471; LING 472 or 466; LING 477
or 478; two upper-division electives (6 credits) from among LING
473, 476, 479, and 489; LING 480; and LING 494. Courses required
for the Certificate may not be taken on a pass-not pass basis.
It is recommended that a student have the equivalent of two years
of a foreign language. Non native speakers of English must take
an English competency examination to be administered by the Linguistics
Program.
English as a Second Language/Academic English.
Outside of its curriculum, the Linguistics Program directs several
EASL courses for international students whose TOEFL scores range
between 500 and 580.
Two EASL courses (170 and 230) concentrate on learning second
language English in a wider cultural environment. The instructional
aims for these two courses include adapting to life in an American
English-speaking community and understanding the experiences of
self and others who have lived, studied and worked among non-native
language speakers in foreign locations.
The four remaining EASL courses enhance learning second language
English as the language of classroom instruction at an English-speaking
university or college. These courses facilitate the transition
from learning academic English to actually using English in academic
settings. Course content concentrates on academic uses of language
skills (reading, writing, speaking and listening, with a limited
degree of periodic intensive activities involving grammar and/or
pronunciation).
Trained, supervised teaching assistants who are pursuing advanced
degrees in linguistics instruct academically-oriented EASL courses
and professional staff teach the culturally-oriented EASL courses.
Each EASL course lasts one semester and grants international students
three credit hours that count toward graduation. The needs of
individuals who must raise their English proficiency to gain admission
to a university or college are addressed by the English Language
Institute.
Teacher Preparation in English as a Second Language.
Minor Teaching Field: For an endorsement in the minor teaching
field of English as a Second Language, a student must complete
LING 270 or 470, 471, 472 or 488, 477 or 478, 480 and 494; at
least two courses from the following: LING 473S, 476, 479, 495,
or 595. Students also must gain admission to Teacher Education
and Student Teaching and meet the requirements for certification
as a secondary teacher (see School of Education section of this
catalog.) Courses in the teaching minor may not be taken on a
pass-not pass basis.
Courses
U = for undergraduate credit only, UG = for undergraduate or
graduate credit, G = for graduate credit. R after the credit indicates
the course may be repeated for credit to the maximum indicated
after the R.
English as a Second Language (EASL)
U 170 Orientation to the U.S. 2 cr. Offered
intermittently. Examination of American cultural and societal
trends from a cross cultural perspective to help new and continuing
foreign students adjust to life in the United States and to offer
U.S. students an opportunity to examine their own culture from
the perspective of members of other cultures.
U 230 Explorations in American Culture 2 cr.
Offered spring. U.S. and foreign students read fictional accounts
of cultural adaptation. Some accounts written from the perspective
of foreigners to give foreign students comparisons with their
own acculturation process and provide a contrastive world-view
for American students. Intended to give an understanding of the
complexity and richness of cross-cultural ambiguity, dissonance,
and convergence.
U 250 Intermediate English for Academic Purposes: I 3
cr. (R 6) Offered autumn and spring. Same as ENSL 250.
Extensive training in reading, writing, and speaking grammatical
English. This course is required of all foreign students with
TOEFL scores between 500 and 525. Grading A, B, C, D, or F.
U 251 Intermediate English for Academic Purposes: II 3
cr. (R 6) Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., 500 to
525 on the TOEFL or consent of instr. Same as ENSL 251. English
grammar, reading, writing, and conversation skills for students
who are not native speaker of English; designed for students who
have scored between 500 and 525 on the TOEFL. Grading A, B, C,
D, or F.
U 450 Advanced English for Academic Purposes: I 3 cr.
Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., TOEFL score of 526 or greater
and consent of instr. Same as ENSL 450. Extensive training in
reading, writing, and speaking grammatical English. Grading A,
B, C, D, or F.
U 451 Advanced English for Academic Purposes: II 3 cr.
Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., 526 to 580 on the TOEFL or
consent of instr. Same as ENSL 451. English grammar, reading,
writing, and conversation skills for students who are not native
speakers of English; designed for students who have scored between
525 an 580 on the TOEFL. Grading A, B, C, D, or F.
Linguistics (LING)
U 173 Introduction to Language 3 cr. Offered
autumn. Same as COMM 173. A survey of the elements of language
(structure, meaning, and sound) including language use in its
social and cultural context. Credit is not allowed for students
who have already completed Ling 270.
U 195 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered
autumn and spring. Experimental offerings of visiting professors,
experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of
current topics.
U 198 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr.
(R 9) Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., consent of department.
Extended classroom experience which provides practical application
of classroom learning during placements off campus. Prior approval
must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for
Work-Based Learning.
U 270 Introduction to Linguistics 3 cr. Offered
every term. Same as ANTH and ENLI 270. An introduction to the
field of modern linguistics and to the nature of language. Emphasis
on the ways different cultures develop symbol systems for representing
meaning.
U 271 The Least You Should Know About English 3 cr.
Offered intermittently. The principles behind grammatical nomenclature
in human languages; emphasis on ways that humans use language
to develop standard and non-standard dialects of the same language,
special focus on English.
U 395 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 9) Offered
autumn and spring. Experimental offerings of visiting professors,
experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of
current topics.
U 398 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr.
(R 9) Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., consent of department.
Extended classroom experience which provides practical application
of classroom learning during placements off campus. Prior approval
must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for
Work-Based Learning.
UG 401 Applied French Linguistics 3 cr. Offered
spring. Prereq., FREN 301 and LING 270 or consent of instr. Same
as FREN 401. Contrastive analysis of French phonology (including
phonetics), morphology, and syntax.
UG 403 Applied German Linguistics 3 cr. Offered
autumn. Same as GERM 403. Contrastive analysis of German phonology,
morphology, and syntax.
UG 405 Applied Spanish Linguistics 3 cr. Offered
autumn. Prereq., SPAN 302 and LING 270 or consent of instr. Same
as SPAN 405. Topics and issues from various linguistic approaches,
selected for their applicability to the teaching of Spanish.
UG 465 Structure and History of English for Teachers 3
cr. Offered autumn and spring. Same as ENLI 465. The
development of the English language from a historical perspective
contrasted with the phonological and grammatical structure of
English from a modern linguistic point of view; specifically designed
for teachers.
UG 466 Pedagogical Grammar 3 cr. Offered autumn.
Prereq., LING 270 or 470. Discussion of English grammar from a
non-native speaker perspective focusing on items and structures
that are difficult for non-native speakers.
UG 470 Introduction to Linguistic Analysis 3 cr.
Offered autumn and spring. Same as ANTH, FLLL, ENLI 470. An introduction
to the field of modern linguistics and to the nature of language.
Emphasis on linguistic analysis.
UG 471 Phonology and Morphology 3 cr. Offered
spring. Prereq., LING 270. or equiv. A study of phonological and
morphological systems from as many as 20 languages, most of them
non Indo European; training in how to do linguistic analysis as
well as linguistic theory.
UG 472 Generative Syntax and Semantics 3 cr.
Offered autumn. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. A systematic study of
the nature of syntactic and semantic systems in natural language.
Emphasis on abstract argument.
UG 473S Language and Culture 3 cr. Offered autumn
odd-numbered years. Prereq., LING 270 or LING 470. Same as ANTH
473S. Technical study of the relationships between grammatical
categories and world view.
UG 474 Language History, Variety, and Change 3 cr.
Offered autumn. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. The principles of historical
reconstruction and comparative method in the analysis of linguistic
variation and change.
UG 475 Linguistic Fieldmethods 3 cr. Offered
autumn even-numbered years. Prereq., LING 270 or equiv. Writing
up linguistic data; developing techniques for eliciting linguistic
data by working with a native speaker of a non Indo European language.
UG 476 Child Language Acquisition 3 cr. Offered
spring even-numbered years. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. The development
of speech and language: phonologic, prosodic, semantic, pragmatic,
and morphosyntactic systems.
UG 477 Bilingualism 3 cr. Offered autumn even-numbered
years. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. Societal and individual bilingualism:
topics include language policy such as maintenance and interference;
code switching and mixture; and bilingual education.
UG 478 Second Language Acquisition 3 cr. Offered
autumn odd-numbered years. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. Discussion
of theories of SLA, analysis of the development of Interlanguage
and study and use of the research methods in SLA.
UG 479 Pragmatics 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered
years. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. Relations between language and
its interpreters focusing on presupposition, speech acts, discourse
analysis, and the application of pragmatics to second and foreign
language acquisition.
UG 480 Teaching English as a Foreign Language 3 cr.
Offered spring. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. Same as ENLI 480. The
application of principles of modern linguistics to the problems
of teaching English as a foreign language.
UG 481 The ESL Professional 3 cr. Offered spring.
Prereq. or coreq., LING 494; prereq., LING 480 or consent of instr.
Professional development techniques for the independent language
teacher: language test construction, self-critique of teaching
strategies, materials development, curriculum evaluation and design,
electronic and print media resources for the language teaching
professional.
UG 482 Topics in the Philosophy of Language 3 cr.
(R-6) Offered Intermittently. Prereq., upper division standing.
Same as PHIL 471. Discussion of one or more of the following topics:
theories of meaning, theories of reference, pragmatics, the origin
of language, psycholinguistics, and foundations of linguistic
theory.
UG 484 North American Indian Linguistics 3 cr.
Offered spring odd-numbered years. Prereq., LING 270 or 470. Same
as ANTH 484. Analysis and characteristics of American Indian languages
in historical perspective.
UG 485 Topics in the Linguistic Structure of French 3
cr. (R 6) Offered autumn. Prereq., FREN 301 and LING
270 or consent of instr. Same as FREN 485. Synchronic and diachonic
topics in French phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon.
UG 489 Languages of the World 3 cr. Offered spring.
Prereq., LING 270 or 470. A survey of the grammatical features
of several unrelated languages to provide the student with a broad
overview of how world languages compare and contrast.
UG 494 ESL Senior Seminar 3 cr. Prereq., or coreq.,
LING 480. Offered every term.
UG 495 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered
autumn and spring. Experimental offerings of visiting professors,
experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of
current topics.
UG 496 Independent Study Variable cr. (R 9) Offered
every term. Prereq., consent of instr. Special projects in linguistic
analysis.
U 498 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr.
(R 12) Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., consent of department.
Extended classroom experience which provides practical application
of classroom learning during placements off campus. Prior approval
must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Center for
Work-Based Learning.
G 570 Seminar in Linguistics 3 cr. (R 12) Offered
autumn and spring. Prereq., LING 270 or equiv. Same as ANTH 570.
Advanced topics in linguistic analysis.
G 575 Preceptorship 1 cr. (R 4) Offered autumn
and spring. Prereq., consent of instr. Materials development,
assessment and evaluation of learners' need and interests in teaching
English as an academic second Language to international students
attending universities with English instruction..
G 595 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 9) Offered
every term. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental
offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics.
G 596 S Independent Study 1 3 cr. (R 6) Offered
every term.
G 598 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr.
(R 6) Offered autumn and spring.
G 599 Professional Paper Variable cr. (R 6) Offered
every term.
G 699 Thesis Variable cr. (R 6) Offered every
term.
Faculty
Irene Appelbaum, Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1995, Associate
Professor (Philosophy)
Anthony Beltramo, Ph.D., Stanford University, 1972, Professor
(Foreign Languages and Literatures)
Albert Borgmann, Ph.D., University of Munich, 1963, Professor
(Philosophy)
Merrel D. Clubb, Jr., Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1953, Emeritus
(English)
Stephen Greymorning, Ph.D., University of Oklahoma, 1997, Associate
Professor (Anthropology)
Robert Hausmann, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1972, Professor
(English Language Institute)
Anthony Mattina, Ph.D., University of Hawaii, 1973, Professor
O.W. Rolfe, Ph.D., Stanford University, 1967, Professor (Foreign
Languages and Literatures)
Wesley Shellen, Ph.D., Ohio University, 1973, Professor, Emeritus
(Communication Studies)
Tully J. Thibeau, Ph.D., University of Arizona, 1999, Assistant
Professor