U = for undergraduate credit only, UG = for undergraduate or graduate credit, G = for graduate credit. R after the credit indicates the course may be repeated for credit to the maximum indicated after the R.
U 101N Principles of Biology 3 cr. Unifying principles of biological structure_function relationships at different levels of organization and complexity. Energy, substances, organisms. Reproduction, genetics, development, evolution, ecosystems, the inter-relationships of the human species to the rest of life.
U 102N Principles of Biology Laboratory 1 cr. Coreq., Biol 101N. A series of laboratory experiences illustrating basic biological principles including growth, reproduction, development, genetics and physiological processes.
U 103N Diversity of Life 3 cr. Survey of the diversity, evolution and ecology of life including prokaryotes, viruses, protista, fungi, plants and animals.
U 104N Diversity of Life Laboratory 2 cr. Coreq., Biol 103N. The diversity of life including prokaryotes, viruses, protista, fungi, plants and animals including structure and evolutionary relationships.
U 105N Elementary Microbiology 3 cr. Coreq., Biol 107N recommended. The structure, function and classification of bacteria, molds, yeasts, rickettsiae and viruses, and their practical significance to agriculture, food, drug, fermentation and other industries. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology.
U 106N Elementary Medical Microbiology 3 cr. Infectious diseases, including concepts of virulence, resistance, prevention and control of microbial diseases in the individual and in the community. If laboratory experience is desired, the student may enroll concurrently in Biol 107N. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology.
U 107N Elementary Microbiology Laboratory 1 cr. Prereq. or coreq., Biol 105N or 106N. Observation of live microorganisms, their characteristics and activities. Experience with microbiological techniques. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology.
U 109 Survey of Microbiology 1 cr. (R-2) The field and subject matter of microbiology.
U 120N General Botany 3 cr. Introduction to the plant kingdom including anatomy, physiology and ecology.
U 121N Introductory Ecology 3 cr. An introduction to ecological principles, stressing the structure and function of natural communities and examining human's role in these ecosystems.
U 122N Introductory Ecology Laboratory 1 cr. Prereq. or coreq., Biol 121N. An introduction to field techniques or ecosystem analysis.
U 170N Genetic Engineering 3 cr. Introduction to genetic engineering for non-science majors. DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, DNA manipulation, cloning, mutations and the fundamental techniques used in genetic engineering.
U 195 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-6) Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics.
U 198 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R-9) Prereq., consent of Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office.
U 200N Trailside Botany 3 cr. Introduction to plant associations including interpretation of deserts, plains, foothills, alpine and tropical life zones. Field trips.
U 201N Montana Wildlife 3 cr. Prereq., one course in biology. Interpreting biological patterns associated with selected Montana wildlife species, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.
U 212 Anatomy and Physiology I 4 cr. Introduction to basic cellular structure and function. The fundamental facts and concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous and endocrine systems.
U 213 Anatomy and Physiology II 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 212. The fundamental facts and concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
U 221 Cell and Molecular Biology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 101N or equiv., Math 121, one year of college chemistry. Description and analysis of biological structures and processes at the cellular and subcellular levels including molecular genetics, energy, metabolism and cell differentiation.
U 222 Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory 1 cr. Coreq., Biol 221. Experimental approaches to the molecular biology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
U 223 Genetics and Evolution 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 221. Principles and mechanisms of inheritance and evolution. Population genetics, fossil record, macroevolution, speciation, extinction, systematics, molecular evolution.
U 250 Rocky Mountain Flora 3 cr. Elements of the evolution, geography and natural affinities of flowering plants. Identification using a manual of native plants of Montana.
U 265N Human Sexuality 3 cr. Same as Anth 265N. Biological, behavioral, cross-cultural aspects of human sexuality to help students place their own sexuality and that of others in a broader perspective. Includes sexual anatomy, physiology, development, reproduction, diseases, determination, as well as gender development and current issues.
U 267N Human Genetics 3 cr. Same as Anth 267N. Offered alternate years. Genetics-related problems that confront individuals and society. Variation and natural selection in human populations. Designed for non-biology majors.
U 295 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-6) Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics.
U 298 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R-9) Prereq., consent of Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office.
U 300 Biological Literature 3 cr. Prereq., a minimum of 15 credits in biology, CS 170 or equiv., and lower-division writing course. Use of bibliographic resources, preparation of manuscripts and presentation of seminars in the biological sciences.
UG 301 Developmental Biology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 221; Biol 223 recommended. An analysis of the origin and development of form and patterns in organisms, stressing the processes of growth and differentiation in plants and animals.
UG 302 Comparative Vertebrate Embryology 2 cr. Coreq., Biol 301. A laboratory course emphasizing comparative embryological development of vertebrates.
UG 303 Functional Vertebrate Morphology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. Offered alternate years. Phylogenetic and functional analysis of vertebrate structure. Laboratory will involve a review of organ systems from preserved and prepared specimens representing all of the vertebrate classes.
UG 304 Ornithology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. The classification, structure, evolution, behavior and ecology of birds.
UG 306 Mammalogy 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. The evolution, systematics, anatomy, physiology and ecology of mammals.
UG 308 Biology and Management of Fishes 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N, 223 and one year of college mathematics. Diversity, adaptations and ecology of fishes. Analysis and management of fish populations and communities. Credit not allowed for Biol 308 and 357.
UG 309 Invertebrate Biology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. Structure, general biology and phylogeny of the invertebrates.
UG 310 Entomology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. Offered alternate years. The structure, classification, life histories, distribution and ecology of insects.
UG 311 Survey of Plants I 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N. Morphology, ultrastructure, systematics, physiology and ecology of algae and lower fungi.
UG 312 Survey of Plants II 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N. Structure and function of vegetative and reproductive organs of the higher fungi, bryophytes, and vascular plants and their importance in classification and evolutionary thought.
UG 313 Plant Systematics 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 and Biol 250. Principles of plant evolution and classification. Analyzing variation in populations; cytogenetic, chemical, phenetic and cladistic methods. Credit not allowed for Biol 313 and 352.
UG 314 Plant Systematics Laboratory 1 cr. Prereq. or coreq., Biol 313 or 485. Analysis of variation in plant populations using morphological and molecular methods.
UG 340 Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 and one year of college mathematics including Math 241 or equiv. Analysis of the distribution and abundance of plants and animals. Includes individual, population and community-level processes (e.g., population growth and regulation, competition, predation, succession, nutrient cycling, energy flow and community organization). Credit not allowed for Biol 340 and 354.
UG 341 Ecology Laboratory 2 cr. Coreq., Biol 340. Methods of describing and testing alternative explanations for patterns in nature. The use of scientific methodology in ecology.
UG 344 Plant Physiology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 120N, 221 or consent of instr. The chemical and physical basis of water relations, photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, respiration, vegetative and reproductive growth of plants.
UG 345 Principles of Physiology 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 221 or equiv. Fundamental principles of coordination, respiration, excretion, digestion, metabolism, circulation and reproduction in vertebrates.
UG 352 Field Botany 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 250 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Field characteristics of at least 50 families of seed plants, emphasizing regional flora and an extensive plant collection; principles of classification and plant evolution. Credit not allowed for both Biol 352 and 313.
UG 353 Aquatic Flowering Plants 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 250 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Identification and ecology of flowering plants from aquatic habitats of western Montana.
UG 354 Terrestrial Plant Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., an introductory college course in ecology. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The interrelationships between plants and plant communities and their natural environment. Credit not allowed for both Biol 354 and 340.
UG 355 Ecology of Mammals 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history and behavior of mammals.
UG 356 Ecology of Birds 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history, and behavior of western Montana birds.
UG 357 Ecology of Fishes 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history, and behavior of fishes inhabiting lakes and streams. Credit not allowed for Biol 308 and 357.
UG 366 Freshwater Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and one year of college chemistry. Offered alternate years. Physical and chemical dynamics of lakes and streams. Diversity, distribution and dynamics of freshwater organisms.
UG 385 Conservation Biology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223. Offered alternate years. Application of the principles of population biology and genetics to the problem of conserving plant and animal species.
U 386 Writing Skills for Biological Sciences 3 cr. Prereq., biological sciences major. Development of writing skills for dealing with subjects of importance to biology.
U 395 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-10) Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics.
U 398 Cooperative Education Experience 1-12 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of the Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office.
UG 400 General Parasitology 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 223. Parasitism as a biological phenomenon, origin of parasitism, adaptations and life cycles, parasite morphology, fine structure, physiology, parasites and their environment.
UG 401 General Parasitology Laboratory 1 cr. Coreq., Biol 400. Taxonomy, morphology and identification of parasitic protozoa, helminths and arthropods.
UG 405 Animal Behavior 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223, senior standing or consent of instr. The description and evolutionary interpretation of animal behavior under natural conditions. Laboratory involves observation and recording of animal behavior.
UG 410 Advanced Ecology 3 cr. (R-9) Prereq., Biol 340. Examination of current ecological research, theories and controversies. The emphasis of specific offerings vary, but include such topics as community, population or behavioral ecology.
UG 411 Vegetation Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., course in ecology; upper-division standing in a life science. The scientific study of natural, terrestrial vegetation, vegetation dynamics and phytosociology, modern methodology for describing and classifying vegetation types and survey of the natural vegetation of North America. Laboratory and field trips required.
UG 412 Tropical Ecology 3 cr. Offered alternate years. Principles of tropical ecology, with emphasis on plant and animal ecology. The impact of deforestation, agriculture and politics on native cultures, world climate and wildlife habitats presented along with prognosis for the future.
UG 413 Field Ecology 3 cr. (R-9) Prereq., Biol 340 and 341, Math 241, or equiv. and consent of instr. Firsthand experience with the methods of developing and conducting research in field ecology. Independent research projects during an extended field trip required, followed by data analysis, a written report and an oral report during the subsequent semester.
UG 414 Marine Biology 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and consent of instr. Systematics and ecology of marine animals of the Pacific Coast; requires a five-day trip to Washington coast.
UG 415 Field Methods in Fisheries Biology and Management 1-4 cr. Prereq., Biol 308 or 357; consent of instr. Same as WBio 441. Field instruction by practicing biologists in techniques for evaluating and managing aquatic habitats and fish populations.
UG 438 Plant Development 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 344. Offered alternate years. The regulation of growth and development of flowering plants.
UG 439 Cytology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 221. Offered alternate years. Ultrastructure of cells and its relationship to function.
UG 440 Biological Electron Microscopy 2 cr. Prereq., senior standing or consent of instr. Theory of electron microscopy, recent developments in transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Limited experience with the instruments.
UG 451 Phycology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. Morphology, taxonomy, physiology and ecology of the freshwater algae.
UG 452 Mycology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 120N or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The morphology, taxonomy and ecology of the fungi and lichens.
UG 453 Lake Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223, Chem 162N and 165N, or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The biogeochemical processes that characterize the lakes and ponds of western Montana.
UG 454 River Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223, Chem 162N and 165N or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The biogeochemical processes that characterize the streams and rivers of western Montana.
UG 460 Medical Physiology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 212, 213, one year college chemistry or consent of instr. Advanced principles of normal and abnormal physiology. Primarily for students in the professional physical therapy program.
UG 465 Experimental Biology Laboratory 2 cr. (R-6) Prereq., senior standing in biology or consent of instr. Experimental approaches to the study of fundamental concepts in the life sciences.
UG 470 Herbarium Curatorial Techniques 1-6 cr. (R-12) Prereq., Biol 250. Techniques of curation of herbarium collections of plants and paleobotanical specimens including preservation, storage and identification of species.
U 471 Teaching Anatomy and Physiology I 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 212 and 213 or equiv. and consent of instr. Advanced instruction in prosection of cadavers, the preparation of laboratory demonstrations and materials, and in the teaching of anatomy and physiology laboratories.
U 472 Teaching Anatomy and Physiology II 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 212 and 213 or equiv. and consent of instr. Continuation of Biol 471. Advanced instruction in prosection of cadavers, the preparation of laboratory demonstrations and materials, and in the teaching of anatomy and physiology laboratories.
UG 485 Evolutionary Biology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223. Offered alternate years. The mechanisms and study of evolution. Natural selection, speciation, transspecific evolution, construction of phylogenies and philosophical issues.
UG 486 Population and Ecological Genetics 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223. Offered alternate years. Genetic structure of populations. Dynamics of natural selection and adaptation.
U 493 Omnibus 1-10 cr. Prereq., consent of instr. Independent work under the University omnibus option. See index.
UG 494 Seminar in Biology 1 cr. (R-3) Prereq., consent of instr.
UG 495 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-10) Prereq., consent of instr. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics.
U 496 Independent Study Variable cr. (R-10) Prereq., consent of instr. Independent study under supervision of faculty.
UG 497 Research Variable cr. (R-10) Prereq., consent of instr. Semi-independent work under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated during succeeding semesters.
U 498 Cooperative Education Experience 1-12 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of the Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office.
G 501 Research Facilities and Methods 1 cr. Prereq., graduate standing in biological sciences. An introduction to the facilities, faculty and staff in the Division of Biological Sciences. Reading and discussion of the use of scientific methodology in biology.
G 503 Ecological Morphology 3-5 cr. Prereq., Biol 303 or equiv., undergraduate ecology. Offered alternate years. Studies of animal structure and their ecology. The relationship between form and function in animal design emphasizing biomechanics, locomotion, feeding mechanics and body shape integrating ecology.
G 504 Advanced Animal Behavior 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 405 or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. The causation and function of animal behavior, with emphasis on the evolutionary aspects of the behavior of animals in the wild.
G 505 Behavior Seminar 1 cr. (R-6) Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. Review of recent developments in animal behavior and behavioral ecology, with emphasis on the evolutionary significance of the behavior of individuals.
G 511 Behavioral Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340, graduate standing, or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Review and discussion of recent studies dealing with behavioral aspects of ecology, including such topics as territoriality, mate choice, social systems, habitat selection, foraging theory and migration.
G 512 Population Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340 or equiv. Offered alternate years. A review of the principles that govern population change and an examination of current theories and investigations.
G 513 Community Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340 or equiv., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Current concepts of species interactions, succession, food webs, temporal and spatial patterns and quantitative characterization of community structure.
G 514 Systems Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340 or equiv., graduate standing or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Biological productivity and biogeochemical cycling in local and global ecosystems, including modeling and management.
G 515 Field Ecology 1-3 cr. (R-6) Prereq., Biol 340 or equiv., graduate standing, or consent of instr. Experience with the methods of developing and conducting research in field ecology. Independent research projects are required, which includes problem definition, field research, data analysis, written report and oral presentation of results.
G 516 Plant-Animal Interactions 3 cr. Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Ecology and evolution of herbivory and seed predation, plant defenses and pollination.
G 517 Advanced Vegetation Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., upper-division course in ecology or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Review and discussion of recent advances in vegetation ecology.
G 518 Biogeography 3 cr. Prereq., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Description of the distribution of plants and animals at global, continental and regional scales. Analysis of ecological and historical factors influencing distribution and association.
G 520 Ecology Seminar 1 cr. (R-8) Prereq., graduate standing. Examination of current topics in ecology.
G 521 Evolution Seminar 1 cr. (R-8) Prereq., Biol 223. Examination of current topics in evolution.
G 522 Readings in Morphology, Physiology and Ecology 1 cr. (R-8) Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Review and discussion of current literature in the fields of morphology, physiology, and ecology.
G 524 Physiological Plant Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340 and 344. Offered alternate years. The physiological basis of plant adaptation and response to the environment.
G 530 Advanced Topics in Physiology 1-4 cr. (R-8) Prereq., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Topics vary but emphasize aspects of comparative or environmental physiology of animals and/or plants.
G 541 Electron Microscopy Laboratory Variable cr. (R-6) Prereq. or coreq., Biol 440 or equiv. Practical laboratory experience in the preparation of various biological materials, hands-on operation of the transmission electron microscope.
G 543 Vertebrate Reproductive Biology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 301, 345. Offered alternate years. General vertebrate reproductive biology will be discussed with an emphasis placed upon the myriad of reproductive strategies which vertebrates have evolved.
G 550 Biological Effects of Pollution_Concepts 3 cr. Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. Same as Evst 550. Sources and environmental fates of pollutants. Biological responses at the individual, population, community and ecosystem level.
G 551 Biological Effects of Pollution_Methods 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 550. Same as Evst 551. Designing and executing field studies of pollution. Project oriented.
G 559 Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory 1-3 cr. (R-6) Prereq., molecular genetics. Laboratory methods in plant molecular biology. Experimental methods for study of DNA and proteins.
G 560 Population and Ecological Genetics 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223, Math 150. Offered alternate years. Genetic structure and dynamics of populations. Dynamics of natural selection, adaptation and genetic drift.
G 561 Population Genetics Seminar 1-2 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of instr. or graduate standing. Current topics in population genetics, evolutionary biology, molecular evolution and related topics.
G 562 Conservation Biology Seminar 1 cr. (R-4) Prereq., graduate standing, Biol 385 or equiv. Discussion of current issues in conservation biology.
G 565 Population Management 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340. Offered alternate years. A critical examination of the problems and options faced by managers of biological populations. Current harvesting theories are emphasized.
G 594 Seminar in Biology 1 cr. (R-6) Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. A review and discussion of current research in biology. Topics vary.
G 595 Special Topics 1-8 cr. (R-8) Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Experimental offering of new courses by resident or visiting faculty.
G 596 Independent Study 1-4 cr. (R-8) Prereq., consent of instr. Credit for independent research project unrelated to thesis or dissertation.
G 597 Research 1-8 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of instr. Library work involved with preparation of a thesis or dissertation proposal.
G 598 Cooperative Education Experience 1-8 cr. (R-8) Prereq., consent of the Division, graduate standing. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office.
G 599 Thesis 1-10 cr. (R-10) Prereq., masters student in biology. Field and laboratory research on, and writing of, a student's masters thesis.
G 699 Dissertation 1-10 cr. (R-20) Prereq., doctoral student in biology. Credit for field and laboratory research on, and writing of, a student's doctoral dissertation.