Biology The 1997-98 University of Montana Catalog

For students wishing to work in the broad area of biology rather than one of the more specialized fields offered by the Division of Biological Sciences, the Division offers an undergraduate degree in biology. Six emphases are provided in the program. The botanical sciences emphasis includes the study of various aspects of plant life, such as form, structure, development, physiology, reproduction, classification, evolution and distribution. Plant science is important for many professional fields such as forestry, wildlife biology, pharmacy, agriculture, horticulture, plant pathology and plant breeding. The cellular and molecular biology emphasis is for students wishing to concentrate on cellular and physiological aspects of biology and is designed for those who plan to continue studies at the graduate level or in the medical sciences. In the environmental biology emphasis, students combine a background in basic biology with offerings in environmental science. This emphasis also is intended for those who plan to continue studies at the graduate level. The naturl history emphasis requires one year of general chemistry, but no coursework in mathematics or foreign languages beyond the General Education requirement. The emphasis in natural history is not suitable for the student planning a traditional career in the biological sciences. The zoological sciences emphasis includes courses in various aspects of animal life such as form, structure, development, physiology, evolution and ecology. High School Preparation: In addition to general University admission requirements, chemistry, mathematics through precalculus, and preparation in a modern foreign language are recommended. Special Degree Requirements Refer to graduation requirements listed previously in the catalog. See index. These core courses must be completed for a B.A. degree with a major in biology: Biol 101N-102N, 103N-104N, 221, and 223. Exemption from Biol 101N-102N may be allowed. Emphasis in Botanical Sciences Forty-five credits in biology including the core requirements, Biol 222, 250, 300, 301, 311-312, 340-341, and 344. Math 150 and 241 are required, however the prerequisite courses Math 117 and 121 may need to be taken as determined by the student's math placement exam; CS 172; Chem 151N-152N, 154N, or 161N-162N, 221-222, 223-224; Phys 121N-122N or 221N-222N also are required. Emphasis in Cellular and Molecular Biology Thirty-eight to forty-two credits in biology, biochemistry, and microbiology including the core requirements, Biol 121N, 222, 300, 301, 440; Bioc 381-382 or 481-482, Micb 300-301, and one course chosen from Biol 344 or 345, or Micb 450. Math 117, 121, 150; CS 172; Chem 161N-162N, 221-222, 223-224, 341; Phys 121N-122N or 221N-222N also are required. Students must complete 10 credits in a modern foreign language or demonstrate a reading knowledge in a modern language. Emphasis in Environmental Biology Forty credits in biology, biochemistry, and microbiology including the core requirements, Biol 222, 300, 301, 340-341, and the remaining credits at the 300 or 400 level. Math 150 and 241 are required, however the prerequisite courses Math 117 and 121 may need to be taken as determined by the student's math placement exam; CS 172; Chem 151N-152N, 154N; Phys 121N-122N or 221N-222N also are required. Students must complete 10 credits in a modern foreign language or demonstrate a reading knowledge in a modern language. Emphasis in Natural History Thirty-seven to thirty-nine credits in biology including Biol 121N-122N, 200N or 201N, 250, 300, 311 or 312, 304 or 306, and 309 or 310. Chem 151N-152N, 154N are required. Students also must complete at least 20 credits in cognate areas of anthropology, chemistry, geography, geology, foreign languages, forestry, mathematics, physics and wildlife biology. However, no more than 10 credits from any one of these areas can be applied toward the 20-credit requirement. Students interested in combining natural history with other subject areas may, with the permission of an advisor, substitute 20 credits in English-writing, journalism, photography, art, business management, or some other field that would provide a unique learning experience. Emphasis in Zoological Sciences Forty-four to forty-five credits in biology including the core requirements, Biol 222, 300, 301, 302, 303, 309, 340-341, 345, and 413 or 465. Math 117, 121, 150, 241; CS 172; and Chem 151N-152N, and 154N or 161N-162N, 221-222, 223-224 are required. Students must successfully complete one college year, or its equivalent, of a modern foreign language. Teacher Preparation in Biology Emphasis in Biological Education Major Teaching Field of Biology: This emphasis is designed for students seeking an endorsement in the major teaching field of biology. The core courses listed above are not required for students electing this emphasis. A student must complete Biol 101N-102N, 103N-104N, 170N, 221-222, 223, 301, 340-341, 344, 345, and Micb 300-301. CS 172; Math 117, 150 or 152, 241; Chem 151N-152N, 154N, 485; Sci 350; and C&I 426 also are required. Phys 121N-122N, or Geol 100N and 105N, must be completed. For endorsement to teach biology, a student also must gain admission to Teacher Education and Student Teaching and meet all the requirements for certification as a secondary teacher (see the School of Education section of this catalog). Biology qualifies for a single-field endorsement. However, there is a limited demand in most Montana high schools for teachers with a single endorsement in biology, and students are advised to complete the requirements for a second teaching endorsement (major or minor). Minor Teaching Field of Biology: For an endorsement in the minor teaching field of biology, a student must complete Biol 101N-102N, 103N-104N, 121N-122N, 170N, 221-222, 223; Micb 300-301; Sci 350; C&I 426; CS 172; Math 117, 121, 241; and Chem 151N, 485. A student also must gain admission to Teacher Education and Student Teaching and must meet the requirements for certification as a secondary teacher (see the School of Education section of this catalog). Teacher Preparation in General Science Extended Major Teaching Field of General Science: A student must meet the requirements for a B.A. with a major in biology with an environmental biology emphasis by completing Biol 103N-104N, 221-222, 223 and 340-341; Astr 131N-134N; Chem 152N-154N, 161N-162N,485; CS 172; Geol 100N; Geog 330; Math 117, 150 or 152, 241; Sci 350 or Geol 301; and Phys 121N-122N or 221N-222N. Highly recommended are Biol 345, Micb 300-301, Phys 122N and Chem 101N. For an endorsement in the extended major teaching field of General Science, a student must gain admission to Teacher Education and Student Teaching, complete C&I 426 and meet the requirement for certification as a secondary teacher (see the School of Education section of this catalog.) Suggested Course of Study Biology All Emphases Except Natural History

Botanical Sciences Emphasis

Second Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 221-222 Cell and Molecular Biology and Laboratory	5	-
Biol 223 Genetics & Evolution	-	4
Biol 250 Rocky Mountain Flora	3	-
Chem 221-223* Organic Chemistry and Laboratory	(5)	-
Chem 222-224*Organic Chemistry and Laboratory	-	(5)
CS 172 Computer Modeling	-	3
Math 150 Applied Calculus	4	-
Math 241 Statistics	-	4
Electives and General Education	(4)	(6)
Total	16-17	16-17
* If student took Chem 161-162 in first year.

Third Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 300 Biological Literature	-	3
Biol 301 Developmental Biology	-	3
Biol 311-312 Survey of Plants	5	5
Phys 121N-122N or 221N-222N General Physics	5	5
Electives and General Education	6	-
Total	16	16

Fourth Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory	5	-
Biol 344 Plant Physiology	-	4
Electives & General Education	10	11
Total	15	15

Cellular and Molecular Biology Emphasis

Second Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 221-222 Cell and Molecular Biology and Laboratory	5	-
Biol 223 Genetics & Evolution	-	5
Biol 121N- Introductory Ecology	3	-
Chem 221-222, 223-224 Organic Chemistry and Laboratory	5	5
CS 172 Computer Modeling	-	3
Math 150 Applied Calculus	-	4
Electives & General Education	3	-
Total	16	16

Third Year	Autumn	Spring
Bioc 381-382-Elementary Biochemistry or 481-482- Biochemistry	3	2-3
Biol 301 Developmental Biology	-	3
Micb 300-301 General Microbiology and Laboratory	-	5
Foreign language	5	5
Electives & General Education	5	-
Total	17	15-16

Fourth Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 300-Biological Literature	-	3
Biol 440 Biological Electron Microscopy	2	-
Biol 344 or 345 or Micb 450 Plant Physiology or Principles of Physiology or Microbial Physiology	3	-
Chem 341-Quantitative Analysis and Instrumental Methods	3	-
Phys 121N-122N or 221N-222N General Physics	5	5
Electives & General Education	6	6-7
Total	16	17-18

Environmental Biology Emphasis

Second Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 221-222 Cell and Molecular Biology and Laboratory	5	-
Biol 223 Genetics & Evolution	-	4
Chem 221-223* Organic Chemistry and Laboratory	(5)	-
Chem 222-224* Organic Chemistry and Laboratory	-	(5)
CS 172 Computer Modeling	3	-
Math 150 Applied Calculus	4	-
Math 241 Statistics	-	4
Foreign language*	(5)	(5)
Electives & General Education	-	4
Total	17	17
*If student took Chem 161-162 in first year.
Total

Third Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 300 Biological Literature	-	3
Biol 301 Developmental Biology	-	3
Biol 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory	5	-
Foreign language*	5	-
Electives & General Education	(11)	(10)
Total	16	16
*If student took Chem 161-162 in first year.

Fourth Year	Autumn	Spring
Courses at the 300-400 level in Bioc, Biol, or Micb	3-6	3-6
Phys 121N-122N or 221N-222N General Physics	5	5
Electives & General Education	4-7	5-8
Total	15	16

Natural History Emphasis

First Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 101N-102N Principles of Biology and Laboratory	4	-
Biol 103N-104N Diversity of Life and Laboratory	-	5
Biol 121N-122N Introductory Ecology and Laboratory	4	-
Chem 151N-152N, 154N General Chemistry and Laboratory	3	5
Enex 101 Composition	3	-
General Education and cognate requirements	2	7
Total	16	17

Second Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 200N or 201N Trailside Botany or Montana Wildlife	3	-
Biol 221 Cell and Molecular Biology	4	-
Biol 223 Genetics & Evolution	-	4
Biol 250 Rocky Mountain Flora	3	-
General Education and cognate requirements	7	13
Total	17	17

Third Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 300 Biological Literature	-	3
Biol 311 or 312 Survey of Plants	5	-
General Education and cognate requirements	11	13
Total	16	16

Fourth Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 304 or 306-Ornithology or Mammalogy	-	4
Biol 309 or 310 Invertebrate Biology or Entomology	3-5	-
Electives and General Education	10-12	12
Total	15	16

Zoological Sciences Emphasis

Second Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 221-222 Cell and Molecular	5	-
Biology	-	4
Biol 223 Genetics & Evolution	(5)	-
Chem 221-223* Organic Chemistry and Laboratory	-	(5)
Chem 222-224* Organic Chemistry and Laboratory	3	-
CS 172 Computer Modeling	4	-
Math 150 Applied Calculus	-	4
Math 241 Statistics	-	4
Electives & General Education	5	4-9
Total
*If student took Chem 161-162 in first year.
Total

Third Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 300 Biological Literature	-	3
Biol 301 Developmental Biology	-	3
Biol 302 Comparative Vertebrate Embryology	-	2
Biol 340-341 Ecology and Laboratory	5	-
Biol 413 or 465 Field Ecology or Experimental Biology Laboratory	2-3	-
Foreign language	5	5
Electives & General Education	3-4	3
Total	16	16

Fourth Year	Autumn	Spring
Biol 303 Functional Vertebrate Morphology	-	4
Biol 309 Invertebrate Biology	5	-
Biol 345 Principles of Physiology	2	-
Electives & General Education	8	12
Total	15	16

Requirements for a Minor To earn a minor in biology, the student must complete a minimum of 25 credits in biology including Biol 101N-102N, 103N-104N, 221 and 223 and 8 credits in biology or biochemistry at the 300-400 level. Exemption from Biol 101N-102N may be allowed with approval of an advisor in the Division. All courses must be taken for a traditional letter grade. Courses U = for undergraduate credit only, UG = for undergraduate or graduate credit, G = for graduate credit. R after the credit indicates the course may be repeated for credit to the maximum indicated after the R. U 100N The Science of Life 3 cr. Contemporary exploration of the organization and complexity of living organisms and the systems in which they live. The central question of biology--relationship between form and function, acquisition and use of energy, and continuity between generations will be addressed through lectures and laboratory investigations. Credit not allowed toward a major in biology. Credit not allowed for both Biol 100N and 101N. U 101N Principles of Biology 3 cr. Unifying principles of biological structure function relationships at different levels of organization and complexity. Energy, substances, organisms. Reproduction, genetics, development, evolution, ecosystems, the inter-relationships of the human species to the rest of life. Credit not allowed for both Biol 100N and 101N. U 102N Principles of Biology Laboratory 1 cr. Coreq., Biol 101N. A series of laboratory experiences illustrating basic biological principles including growth, reproduction, development, genetics and physiological processes. U 103N Diversity of Life 3 cr. Survey of the diversity, evolution and ecology of life including prokaryotes, viruses, protista, fungi, plants and animals. U 104N Diversity of Life Laboratory 2 cr. Coreq., Biol 103N. The diversity of life including prokaryotes, viruses, protista, fungi, plants and animals including structure and evolutionary relationships. U 105N Elementary Microbiology 3 cr. Coreq., Biol 107N recommended. The structure, function and classification of bacteria, molds, yeasts, rickettsiae and viruses, and their practical significance to agriculture, food, drug, fermentation and other industries. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology. U 106N Elementary Medical Microbiology 3 cr. Infectious diseases, including concepts of virulence, resistance, prevention and control of microbial diseases in the individual and in the community. If laboratory experience is desired, the student may enroll concurrently in Biol 107N. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology. U 107N Elementary Microbiology Laboratory 1 cr. Prereq. or coreq., Biol 105N or 106N. Observation of live microorganisms, their characteristics and activities. Experience with microbiological tchniques. Credit not allowed toward a major in microbiology. U 120N General Botany 3 cr. Prereq., consent of instr. Introduction to the plant kingdom including anatomy, physiology and ecology. U 121N Introductory Ecology 3 cr. An introduction to ecological principles, stressing the structure and function of natural communities and examining human's role in these ecosystems. U 122N Introductory Ecology Laboratory 1 cr. Prereq. or coreq., Biol 121N. An introduction to field techniques or ecosystem analysis. U 170N Genetic Engineering 3 cr. Introduction to genetic engineering for non-science majors. DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, DNA manipulation, cloning, mutations and the fundamental techniques used in genetic engineering. U 195 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-6) Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics. U 198 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R-9) Prereq., consent of Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office. U 200N Trailside Botany 3 cr. Introduction to plant associations including interpretation of deserts, plains, foothills, alpine and tropical life zones. Field trips. U 201N Montana Wildlife 3 cr. Prereq., one course in biology. Interpreting biological patterns associated with selected Montana wildlife species, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. U 212N Anatomy and Physiology I 4 cr. Introduction to basic cellular structure and function. The fundamental facts and concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous and endocrine systems. U 213N Anatomy and Physiology II 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 212. The fundamental facts and concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. U 221 Cell and Molecular Biology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 101N or equiv., Math 121, one year of college chemistry. Description and analysis of biological structures and processes at the cellular and subcellular levels including molecular genetics, energy, metabolism and cell differentiation. U 222 Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory 1 cr. Coreq., Biol 221. Experimental approaches to the molecular biology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. U 223 Genetics and Evolution 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 221. Principles and mechanisms of inheritance and evolution. Population genetics, fossil record, macroevolution, speciation, extinction, systematics, molecular evolution. U 250 Rocky Mountain Flora 3 cr. Elements of the evolution, geography and natural affinities of flowering plants. Identification using a manual of native plants of Montana. U 265N Human Sexuality 3 cr. Same as Anth 265N. Biological, behavioral, cross-cultural aspects of human sexuality to help students place their own sexuality and that of others in a broader perspective. Includes sexual anatomy, physiology, development, reproduction, diseases, determination, as well as gender development and current issues. U 267N Human Genetics 3 cr. Same as Anth 267N. Offered alternate years. Genetics-related problems that confront individuals and society. Variation and natural selection in human populations. Designed for non-biology majors. U 295 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-6) Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics. U 298 Cooperative Education Experience Variable cr. (R-9) Prereq., consent of Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office. U 300 Biological Literature 3 cr. Prereq., a minimum of 15 credits in biology, CS 171 or equiv., and lower-division writing course. Use of bibliographic resources, preparation of manuscripts and presentation of seminars in the biological sciences. UG 301 Developmental Biology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 221; Biol223 recommended. An analysis of the origin and development of form and patterns in organisms, stressing the processes of growth and differentiation in plants and animals. UG 302 Comparative Vertebrate Embryology 2 cr. Coreq., Biol 301. A laboratory course emphasizing comparative embryological development of vertebrates. UG 303 Functional Vertebrate Morphology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. Offered alternate years. Phylogenetic and functional analysis of vertebrate structure. Laboratory will involve a review of organ systems from preserved and prepared specimens representing all of the vertebrate classes. UG 304 Ornithology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. The classification, structure, evolution, behavior and ecology of birds. UG 306 Mammalogy 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. The evolution, systematics, anatomy, physiology and ecology of mammals. UG 308 Biology and Management of Fishes 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N, 223 and one year of college mathematics. Diversity, adaptations and ecology of fishes. Analysis and management of fish populations and communities. Credit not allowed for Biol 308 and 357. UG 309 Invertebrate Biology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. Structure, general biology and phylogeny of the invertebrates. UG 310 Entomology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and 223. Offered alternate years. The structure, classification, life histories, distribution and ecology of insects. UG 311 Survey of Plants I 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N. Morphology, ultrastructure, systematics, physiology and ecology of algae and lower fungi. UG 312 Survey of Plants II 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N. Structure and function of vegetative and reproductive organs of the higher fungi, bryophytes, and vascular plants and their importance in classification and evolutionary thought. UG 313 Plant Systematics 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 and Biol 250. Principles of plant evolution and classification. Analyzing variation in populations; cytogenetic, chemical, phenetic and cladistic methods. UG 314 Plant Systematics Laboratory 1 cr. Prereq. or coreq., Biol 313 or 485. Analysis of variation in plant populations using morphological and molecular methods. UG 340 Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 and one year of college mathematics including Math 241 or equiv. Analysis of the distribution and abundance of plants and animals. Includes individual, population and community-level processes (e.g., population growth and regulation, competition, predation, succession, nutrient cycling, energy flow and community organization). Credit not allowed for Biol 340 and 354. UG 341 Ecology Laboratory 2 cr. Coreq., Biol 340. Methods of describing and testing alternative explanations for patterns in nature. The use of scientific methodology in ecology. UG 344 Plant Physiology 4 cr. Prereq., Biol 120N, 221 or consent of instr. The chemical and physical basis of water relations, photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, respiration, vegetative and reproductive growth of plants. UG 345 Principles of Physiology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 221 or equiv. Fundamental principles of coordination, respiration, excretion, digestion, metabolism, circulation and reproduction in vertebrates.. UG 354 Terrestrial Plant Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., an introductory college course in ecology. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The interrelationships between plants and plant communities and their natural environment. Credit not allowed for both Biol 354 and 340. UG 355 Ecology of Mammals 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history and behavior of mammals. UG 356 Ecology of Birds 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history, and behavior of western Montana birds. UG 357 Ecology of Fishes 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The identification, natural history, and behavior of fishes inhabiting lakes and streams. Credit not allowed for Biol 308 and 357. UG 366 Freshwater Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 103N, 104N and one year of college chemistry. Offered alternate years. Physical and chemical dynamics of lakes and streams. Diversity, distribution and dynamics of freshwater organisms. U 395 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-10) Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics. U 396 Independent Study 1-10 cr. (R-10) Independent study under the supervision of a faculty member. U 397 Research 1-10 cr. (R-10) Semi-independent work under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated during succeeding semesters. U 398 Cooperative Education Experience 1-12 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of the Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office. UG 400 General Parasitology 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 223. Parasitism as a biological phenomenon, origin of parasitism, adaptations and life cycles, parasite morphology, fine structure, physiology, parasites and their environment. UG 401 General Parasitology Laboratory 2 cr. Coreq., Biol 400. Taxonomy, morphology and identification of parasitic protozoa, helminths and arthropods. UG 405 Animal Behavior 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223, senior standing or consent of instr. The description and evolutionary interpretation of animal behavior under natural conditions. Laboratory involves observation and recording of animal behavior. UG 408 Advanced Fisheries Science 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 308. Quantitative analysis and interpretation of fish population and community data for use in management. Selection, application and evaluation of management techniques. UG 410 Advanced Ecology 3 cr. (R-9) Prereq., Biol 340. Examination of current ecological research, theories and controversies. The emphasis of specific offerings vary, but include such topics as community, population or behavioral ecology. UG 412 Tropical Ecology 3 cr. Offered alternate years. Principles of tropical ecology, with emphasis on plant and animal ecology. The impact of deforestation, agriculture and politics on native cultures, world climate and wildlife habitats presented along with prognosis for the future. UG 413 Field Ecology 3 cr. (R-9) Prereq., Biol 340 and 341, Math 241, or equiv. and consent of instr. Firsthand experience with the methods of developing and conducting research in field ecology. Independent research projects during an extended field trip required, followed by data analysis, a written report and an oral report during the subsequent semester. UG 415 Field Methods in Fisheries Biology and Management 1-4 cr. Prereq., Biol 308 or 357; onsent of instr. Same as WBio 441. Field instruction by practicing biologists in techniques for evaluating and managing aquatic habitats and fish populations. UG 440 Biological Electron Microscopy 2 cr. Prereq., senior standing or consent of instr. Theory of electron microscopy, recent developments in transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Limited experience with the instruments. UG 453 Lake Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223, Chem 162N and 165N, or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The biogeochemical processes that characterize the lakes and ponds of western Montana. UG 454 River Ecology 5 cr. Prereq., Biol 223, Chem 162N and 165N or equiv. Offered summers only at Flathead Lake Biological Station. The biogeochemical processes that characterize the streams and rivers of western Montana. UG 460 Medical Physiology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 212N, 213, one year college chemistry or consent of instr. Advanced principles of normal and abnormal physiology. Primarily for students in the professional physical therapy program. UG 465 Experimental Biology Laboratory 2 cr. (R-6) Prereq., senior standing in biology or consent of instr. Experimental approaches to the study of fundamental concepts in the life sciences. U 471 Teaching Anatomy and Physiology I 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 212N and 213N or equiv. and consent of instr. Advanced instruction in prosection of cadavers, the preparation of laboratory demonstrations and materials, and in the teaching of anatomy and physiology laboratories. U 472 Teaching Anatomy and Physiology II 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 212N and 213N or equiv. and consent of instr. Continuation of Biol 471. Advanced instruction in prosection of cadavers, the preparation of laboratory demonstrations and materials, and in the teaching of anatomy and physiology laboratories. UG 480 Conservation Genetics 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223. Offered alternate years. Genetic basis for solving biological problems in conservation including the genetics of small populations, the application of molecular genetic techniques to conservation biology and case studies of the application of genetics to conservation problems. UG 485 Evolutionary Biology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223. Offered alternate years. The mechanisms and study of evolution. Natural selection, speciation, transspecific evolution, construction of phylogenies and philosophical issues. UG 486 Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 223 and Math 241. Offered alternate years. Theoretical principles and empirical studies of ecological and evolutionary genetics of natural and managed populations. Includes principles of population genetics, quantitative genetics, and molecular evolution at the DNA sequence level. Empirical studies and integration with population and physiological ecology are considered. U 493 Omnibus 1-10 cr. Prereq., consent of instr. Independent work under the University omnibus option. See index. UG 494 Seminar in Biology 1 cr. (R-3) Prereq., consent of instr. UG 495 Special Topics Variable cr. (R-10) Prereq., consent of instr. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or oe-time offerings of current topics. U 496 Independent Study Variable cr. (R-10) Prereq., consent of instr. Independent study under supervision of faculty. UG 497 Research Variable cr. (R-10) Prereq., consent of instr. Semi-independent work under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated during succeeding semesters. U 498 Cooperative Education Experience 1-12 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of the Division. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office. G 501 Graduate Issues and Policies 1 cr. Prereq., graduate standing in biological sciences. Discussion of issues of importance to new graduate students, including the philosophy of graduate education, the mentor-student relationship, the role of the teaching assistant, handling ethical quandaries, library resources and bibliographic searches, animal use policies and issues, proposal writing and the publication process. Review of ongoing research by faculty in the organismal biology and ecology program. G 502 Teaching Biology 3 cr. Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Examination of current literature on appropriate instruction and classroom management techniques, philosophies of science education reform movements, developing innovative investigations, and classroom assessment strategies. Recommended for teaching assistants and students pursuing faculty careers at pre-college and college levels. G 503 Ecological Morphology 3-5 cr. Prereq., Biol 303 or equiv., undergraduate ecology. Offered alternate years. Studies of animal structure and their ecology. The relationship between form and function in animal design emphasizing biomechanics, locomotion, feeding mechanics and body shape integrating ecology. G 505 Behavior Seminar 1 cr. (R-6) Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. Review of recent developments in animal behavior and behavioral ecology, with emphasis on the evolutionary significance of the behavior of individuals. G 510 Avian Ecology 3 cr. (R-6) Prereq., graduate standing in EVST, Biol, Wbio; upper-division course in ecology; or consent of instructor. Review of recent developments in avian ecology with special emphasis on scientific methodology. G 511 Behavioral Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340, graduate standing, or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Review and discussion of recent studies dealing with behavioral aspects of ecology, including such topics as territoriality, mate choice, social systems, habitat selection, foraging theory and migration. G 512 Population Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340 or equiv. Offered alternate years. A review of the principles that govern population change and an examination of current theories and investigations. G 513 Community Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340 or equiv., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Current concepts of species interactions, succession, food webs, temporal and spatial patterns and quantitative characterization of community structure. G 517 Advanced Plant Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., upper-division course in ecology or consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Review and discussion of recent advances in plant ecology. G 518 Biogeography 3 cr. Prereq., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Description of the distribution of plants and animals at global, continental and regional scales. Analysis of ecological and historical factors influencing distribution and association. G 520 Ecology Seminar 1 cr. (R-8) Prereq., graduate standing. Examination of current topics in ecology. G 521 Evolution Seminar 1 cr. (R-8) Prereq., Biol 223. Examination of current topics in evolution. G 522 Readings in Morphology, Physiology and Ecology 1 cr. (R-8) Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Review and discussion of current literature in the fields of morphology, physiology, and ecology. G 524 Physiological Plant Ecology 3 cr. Prereq., Biol 340 and 344. Offered alternate years. The physiological basis of plant adaptation and response to the environment. G 526 Current Trends in Plant Ecology 2 cr. (R-16) Prereq., graduate standing. Current concepts, theory, and experiments in plant ecology. G 530 Advanced Topics in Physiology 1-4 cr. (R-8) Prereq., consent of instr. Offered alternate years. Topics vary but emphasize aspects of comparative or environmental physiology of animals and/or plants. G 541 Electron Microscopy Laboratory Variable cr. (R-6) Prereq. or coreq., Biol 440 or equiv. Practical laboratory experience in the preparation of various biological materials, hands-on operation of the transmission electron microscope. G 550 Biological Effects of Pollution Concepts 3 cr. Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. Same as Evst 550. Environmental fate and biological effects of water pollutants, especially in aquatic ecosystems. G 551 Biological Effects of Pollution Methods 2 cr. Prereq., Biol 550. Same as Evst 551. Designing, executing, and interpreting environmental studies. Project oriented. G 561 Population Genetics Seminar 1-2 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of instr. or graduate standing. Current topics in population genetics, evolutionary biology, molecular evolution and related topics. G 562 Conservation Biology Seminar 1 cr. (R-4) Prereq., graduate standing. Discussion of current issues in conservation biology. G 575 Frontiers in Conservation Research 2 cr. (R-6) Same as Wbio 575. Exploration of current topics in conservation biology. G 594 Seminar in Biology 1 cr. (R-6) Prereq., graduate standing or consent of instr. A review and discussion of current research in biology. Topics vary. G 595 Special Topics 1-8 cr. (R-8) Prereq., graduate standing and consent of instr. Experimental offering of new courses by resident or visiting faculty. G 596 Independent Study 1-8 cr. (R-8) Prereq., consent of instr. Credit for independent research project unrelated to thesis or dissertation. G 597 Research 1-8 cr. (R-12) Prereq., consent of instr. Library work involved with preparation o a thesis or dissertation proposal. G 598 Cooperative Education Experience 1-8 cr. (R-8) Prereq., consent of the Division, graduate standing. Extended classroom experience that provides practical application of learning during placement off campus. Prior approval must be obtained from the faculty supervisor and the Cooperative Education Office. G 599 Thesis 1-10 cr. (R-10) Prereq., masters student in biology. Field and laboratory research on, and writing of, a student's masters thesis. G 699 Dissertation 1-10 cr. (R-20) Prereq., doctoral student in biology. Credit for field and laboratory research on, and writing of, a student's doctoral dissertation

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